European Imperialism 1880-1920

1. European Imperialism 1880-1920 Chapter 14, Sections 1-4

2. Imperialism • Imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over other lands • 1800s brought new focus • Two forms: • Indirect Rule – Local rulers allowed to maintain position • Direct Rule – Local rulers removed, replaced w/leaders from mother country • Motives? • Search for raw materials like cloves, pepper, tea, and silk • Nations wanted to gain advantage over rival nations • National prestige • White Man’s Burden – responsibility to civilize “primitive” people

3. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Britain • Singapore • Major stopping point for trade going to China • Burma • Land route to South China • Difficult terrain caused this plan to fail • France • Vietnam • Forced leaders to accept French protection, making it a protectorate, to defend it from Britain • Thailand • Fought over between France and Britain • Leaders promoted European education • Allowed to remain independent as a “buffer state” between the two nations

4. Imperialism in Southeast Asia Cont’d • United States • Philippines • Acquired through Spanish-American War • Gave U.S. a launching point to trade w/China • Economies • Colonies developed raw materials and sent to mother country • Mother country used industry to create and sell products • Did not want colonies gaining industry • What kind of benefits could come for the mother country? The colony? • Resistance • At first – peasant revolts, uprisings • Later – educated native peoples brought up through European rule began to use nationalism to resist

5. Imperialism in Africa • West Africa (Britain, France, Germany) • Slave trade had died out • Peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil to trade • Gold Coast the primary target • British annex, or incorporate into their state • North Africa (Britain, France, Italy) • Egypt had gained independence in 1805 • Led by Muhammad Ali • Growing economy led to construction of Suez Canal connecting Mediterranean and Red Seas • British see importance of Suez Canal, buy Egypt’s share • Egyptians are mad, revolt • British stop revolts, take Egypt as a protectorate in 1914

6. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d • Central Africa (Britain, Belgium, France) • David Livingstone, a British explorer, traveled the jungles of Central Africa • Henry Stanley sent to find Livingstone, continued his work when he passed away • King Leopold II of Belgium pushed for colonization of the area • Hired Henry Stanley to help • Set up settlements in the Congo • East Africa (Britain, Germany) • Britain wanted territory to stretch from South Africa to Egypt • Germany wanted an empire like other European powers • Berlin Conference (1884-1885) divided the land between the two • No African representatives allowed to attend

7. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d • South Africa • Boers were original Dutch settlers • British seized lands during Napoleonic Wars, invited citizens (1880-1881) • Boers, sick of British rule, move to area above Vaal River • Put the indigenous, or native,peoples on reservations • Boers constantly fighting native groups • Boer Wars • First was 1880-1881 • Second (1899-1902) saw British take Boer lands • Cecil Rhodes, in charge of British South Africa, wants Boer lands because of diamonds and gold • To make Boers happy British allow limited self government and only whites and few blacks with property could vote

8. Imperialism in Africa Cont’d • Colonial Rule in Africa • Most countries relied on indirect rule • Less costs, effort • Also kept one family in power, preventing change • Some used direct rule • Official from mother country at top • Helped govern alongside indigenous peoples • Rise of African Nationalism • European educational programs created a new group of African leaders • Suppression by colonial rulers led to resentment • Africans could only work certain jobs, make certain amount of money • Few voting or political rights • Out of this came national pride and a desire to rule themselves (nationalism)

9. Colonialism in India • Background • British had taken Mogul Empire during period of internal weakness • To rule, British had soldiers, forts, and sepoys, or hired Indian soldiers • British ruled through a viceroy, or a governor that acted as the monarch • Sepoy Mutiny • Began when British gave sepoys new bullets greased with cow and pig fat • Cow sacred to Hindu, pig taboo to Muslims • Sepoys attacked and killed 50 European men, women, and children • Indians outnumbered British 230,000 to 40,000, but Muslims and Hindu would not work together • British win • Queen Victoria named Empress of India in 1876 • India becomes “Crown Jewel” of British Empire

10. Colonialism in India Cont’d • Positives of British rule • Order and stability • Education, military • Railroads, telegraph, postal service • Negatives of British rule • Education and military only covered top 10% of population • British industries beat Indian industries (cotton vs food) • Use of zamindars increased • Indian culture under British rule • Educators, authors, and political and social leaders emerged to challenge British • Novels, poems, and teachings encouraged continued Indian cultural practices

11. Colonialism in India Cont’d • Indian nationalist movement • Primarily upper class, educated Indian citizens • 1885 – Indian National Congress (INC) meets to call for a share in governing • Separation of Hindu and Muslim beliefs caused problems • 1915 – Return of Mohandas Gandhi from Britain and South Africa • Peaceful calls for action would end British reign in India

12. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America • Background • Creoles, or descendants of Europeans and native Latin Americans encourage equal rights • Peninsularesmaintained Spanish and Portuguese power and practices • Napoleon’s victories in Europe weakened their power in Central America • 1804 – Haiti is first to declare freedom when slaves rise up against French rulers • Revolt in Mexico • Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811) starts revolution • Sept. 16, 1810 – Uprising occurs but is squashed, Hidalgo is ordered to die • 1821 – Creoles and Peninsulares work together to overthrow Spanish, set up government…Agustin de Iturbide is selected as leader

13. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d • Revolt in South America • Jose de San Martin (Argentina) and Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) fighting to get Spanish out of South America • By 1824, most of South America free of European control • U.S. Intervention • Concert of Europe still wants to go back and take LA • U.S. PrezJames Monroe issues Monroe Doctrine, warning against any European interference in Western Hemisphere • Britain works as an ally with U.S., using it’s navy to keep other nations from entering LA

14. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d • Challenges of building nations • Not sure of new boundaries, nations go to war • Poor roads, bridges, railroad tracks, made travel difficult • Small amount of families owned most land • Caudillos • Strong leaders ruling by military force • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and Benito Juarez of Mexico • New Imperialism • Spain and Portugal replaced by Britain and U.S.

15. Fall of Nationalism in Latin America Cont’d • Political change • U.S. responsible for political leaders changing, countries rebelling • Looking out for U.S. interests • Landed elite held more power than lower classes • Economy • Middle class began to grow • Spread of industry, more jobs • Still a large gap between rich and poor

16. Exit Slip • Define imperialism • Describe the Sepoy Mutiny