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Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution. Increased output of machine-made goods which began in England in the 1700s-1800s. Industrial Revolution. Industrialization is the process of developing machine production of goods

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Industrial Revolution

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  1. Industrial Revolution Increased output of machine-made goods which began in England in the 1700s-1800s

  2. Industrial Revolution • Industrialization is the process of developing machine production of goods • By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution had spread throughout western Europe and northeastern United States

  3. Life Before the Industrial Revolution • Only 10% of the population lived in cities • Majority of people lived an agricultural lifestyle in the countryside • Farmed their own food, but not much surplus • Made their own clothing, built their own furniture, made their own tools • Very little manufacturing and few opportunities for investment

  4. Agricultural Revolution • Enclosure system • Small farmers forced to move to cities • Better farming methods • JethroTull’s seed drill (1701) • Crop rotation • Improved methods of livestock breeding

  5. How did Agricultural Revolution lead to I.R.? Increased food supplies Improved living conditions POPULATION BOOM!! + = • The increase in population led to a greater demand for food and goods

  6. Why did the I.R. begin in England? • Geography • Access to water • Natural resources • Waterpower & coal • Iron ore • Rivers • Harbors/ports • Expanding economy • Banking system • Overseas trade • Inc. demand for goods • Wealth = INVESTMENT!!!

  7. Why did I.R. Begin in England? • Political stability • No wars on British soil • Military successes = positive outlook/progress • Laws passed by Parliament protected investments, trade • Britain had the…. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Land, Labor, Capital (wealth)

  8. Industrialization Begins in the Textile Industry - Cotton John Kay’s “flying shuttle” (1733)

  9. James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny” (1764) Richard Arkwright’s “water frame” (1769) Samuel Crompton’s “spinning mule” (1779)

  10. Edmund Cartwright’s “Power Loom” (1787)

  11. Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin, 1793

  12. Domestic System • Manufacturing was done in the home & entrepreneurs (business owners) dropped off/picked up products • Whole families worked together to make clothing, food products, textiles, and wood products • Time-consuming, smaller output

  13. Emergence of Factories • Concentrate production in one location • Needed waterpower & $$$

  14. Improvementsin Transportation • Search for a cheap, convenient source of power • James Watt’s steam engine (1765)

  15. Water Transportation • American inventor Robert Fulton used Watt’s steam engine to build steamboat, the Clermont Creation of a network of canals made transporting goods easier

  16. Road Transportation • John McAdam, Scottish engineer • Wagons would not get stuck in the mud on “macadam roads” • Private investors formed companies to charge people to use roads (called turnpikes)

  17. The Railway Age • Steam-driven locomotive • George Stephenson – railroad engineer • The Rocket – up to 24 miles per hour! • Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened in 1830

  18. Effects of the Railroad • Cheap transport of materials & products spurred industrial growth • Created jobs for railroad workers and miners • Boosted agricultural & fishing industries (transport) • Encouraged travel between country & city

  19. The Impact of the Railroad

  20. Railroads In Europe

  21. Industrial Spreads to U.S. • Britain forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country Why? Mercantilism & competition! • Samuel Slater smuggled ideas from GB to US • 1813 – Francis Cabot Lowell –Massachusetts became cloth manufacturing center • Railroads, light bulb, telephone

  22. The Lowell Mills

  23. The Rise of Corporations Businesses required $ • Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel Company • Big Business (giant corporations that controlled entire industries) • Workers = long hours, low wages • Corporate leaders = high profits, fortunes Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (rights of ownership) Stockholders became part-owners of these businesses, known as corporations

  24. Belgium & Germany • Iron ore, coal, waterways • Imported British workers, engineers • Sent children to British schools

  25. Germany Industrializes Dominated the coal & steel industries

  26. Elsewhere in Europe France’s industrialization was more controlled - Napoleon’s wars & economic problems - More agricultural BUT once industrialized, was successful - Learned from others’ mistakes!

  27. Why did some countries not industrialize? (Or take longer to industrialize?) • Social structure delayed adoption of new methods (serfdom) • Poor geography • Transportation difficult

  28. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

  29. Global Inequality • Gap between industrial & non-industrial grew • Led to imperialism • Indust. countries controlnon-indust. countries

  30. Other Changes • Increased colonization - needed for raw materials - markets to sell manufactured goods • Development of middle class • Opportunities for education • Greater democratic participation = led to social reforms

  31. Urbanization

  32. The New Industrial City

  33. The “Haves”  Bourgeoisie class thrived on new wealth from I.R. v. The “Have-Nots” - Poor, Overworked, and Destitute

  34. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

  35. Industrialization By 1850

  36. Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Social classes • Factory workers overworked, underpaid • Growing middle class • Tension between upper and middle classes • Long-term standard of living rose • Cities increased in size • Many cities specialized in certain industries • Long-term suburbs grew as people left cities

  37. Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Living conditions • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building codes • Housing, water, and social services were scarce • Disease epidemics spread • Long-term  housing, diet, & clothing improved

  38. Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Working conditions • Created jobs • Factories were dangerous, dirty, harsh discipline • Long-term  Higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions • Political effects (long-term) • Social reform movements • Child labor laws

  39. Impact of Industrialization • Shifted world balance of power • Increased competition between industrialized nations • Rise of global inequality • Imperialism • Transformation of society

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