History of Medicine

1. History of Medicine

2. 4000 BC - 3000 BC • Believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits and demons. • Ceremonies were used to drive out evil spirits. • Herbs and plants were used for medication. • Skeletal evidence has been found demonstrating trepanation . • Average life span = 20 years.

3. Trepanation Unearthed in Peru; 6000 BC. Unearthed in Peru; 7000 BC

4. 2000 BC – 300 BCAncient Egypt • Earliest known health records. • Offerings to gods for healing. • Imhotep (2700 BC) first recognized physician. • Use of blood-letting and leeches as treatment. • Herbs and plants used as medicine • Average life span = 20 to 30 years. Ancient papyrus Imhotep

5. 1700 BC – 220 ADAncient Chinese • Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body. • Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment: Yin and Yang • First recorded “pharmacy” of herbs. • Use of acupuncture and acupressure. • Began searching for organic causes of disease. • Average life span = 20 to 30 years. Acupuncture

6. 1200 BC – 200 BCAncient Greeks Hippocrates • The start of the Hippocratic tradition “will cause no harm to the patient”. • Believed illness the result of natural causes. • Introduction of massage therapy and continued use of herbal therapy. • Introduced concept that good diet and cleanliness prevented disease. • Average life span = 25 to 35 years.

7. 753 BC – 410 ADAncient Romans • First to organize medical care for wounded soldiers. • Early hospitals allowed for separation of well and sick. • Beginning of public health and sanitation systems. • Diet, exercise and medication used to treat disease. • Average life span = 25 to 35 years. Surgical hooks Various surgical tools

8. 800 – 1400 ADMiddle Ages • Renewed interest in work of Greeks and Romans. • Medical universities open in the 9th century. • Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred. • Chemistry advances in pharmacology. • Average life span = 20 to 35 years. Doctor dressed for visiting patient believed to suffer from Black Death.

9. 1350 – 1650 ADRenaissance • Dissection of the human body allowed for better understanding of anatomy and physiology • Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection to give their art a more realistic look. • Invention of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others. • Three important contributors; Vesalius, Servetus, and Bacon • Average life span = 30 to 40 years. David, by Michelangelo Circle Man, by da Vinci

10. 16th and 17th Centuries • Not many discoveries or advances. • Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1578-1723) • Causes of disease still unknown. • Many died from infection and childbirth fever. • Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications. • Average life span = 35 to 45 years. Mortar & pestle

11. Ambroise Pare1510-1590 • Father of Modern Surgery • Introduced amputation to battlefield care of wounded soldiers. • Began using ligatures to stop bleeding and bind arteries instead of boiling- oil cauterization. • Promoted use of artificial limbs.

12. Anton van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723 • Developed one of the most important inventions of all time – the microscope! • Began using the lenses to observe the microscopic world. • Discovered bacteria, protists, rotifers, and blood cells. Early microscope Rotifer

13. Franklin 18th Century • Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer. • Priestly discovered the element oxygen. • Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses. • Lind prescribed limes to prevent scurvy. • Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine. • Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

14. Edward Jenner1749-1823 • Edward Jenner learned early in his medical career that if at one time one had cowpox, they would not get smallpox. • The human immunity from the infection of smallpox was tested by vaccinating patients with fluid from pustules of cowpox-infected patients and then showing that these subjects were immune to smallpox.

15. The 19th Century

16. 19th Century • Many discoveries and inventions • First use of anesthetic for surgeries. • International Red Cross was founded in 1863. • Discovery of bacterial causes of disease. • Average life span = 40 – 60 years.

17. Important Dates • 1819: First successful human blood transfusion by James Blundell. • 1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope. • 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female physician in the U.S. • 1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery by Joseph Lister. • 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski. • 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

18. Louis Pasteur1822-1895 • Worked to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation. • Proved that microorganisms cause disease: Germ Theory of Disease • Developed pasteurization to kill microorganisms in milk. • Created a vaccine for rabies.

19. Gregor Mendel1822-1884 • Developed Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. These laws established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns. • Presented his finding to the medical community, but they weren’t widely accepted until the early 1900’s.

20. The 20th Century

21. 1901: ABO blood groups identified 1920: Health insurance plans are introduced. 1928: Fleming discovered penicillin 1952: Development of polio vaccine. 1953: DNA structure described by Watson & Crick. 1954: First kidney transplant. 1962: First severed arm reattached. 1963: First liver transplant. 1964: First lung transplant. 1968; First heart transplant. 1970: First synthesized gene. 1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth defects in-utero. You name it, it happened!

22. 1978: First test tube baby. 1981: AIDS appeared in the population. 1982: Artificial heart is implanted in human. 1984: HIV identified. 1990: Gene therapy used to treat disease. 1990’s: Human Genome Project begins 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned. And more! Dolly Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm The Human Genome Project Jarvik-7 artifical heart

23. The Possibilities are Endless!

24. Cures for current diseases like AIDS. Gene manipulation to prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies. Slow the aging process. Treatment for spinal cord injuries. Improved transplantation techniques. Reduced antibiotic resistance. Computerized body parts. Increased cloning activities. Increased average life span to 100+ years. Potential