BELLRINGER

1. BELLRINGER • LIST TWO PREFIXES/SUFFIXES FROM YOUR LIST OF SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE EXPANDERS. • GIVE A WORD THAT PROPERLY USES THE ABOVE LISTED PREFIX/SUFFIX.

2. TODAY’S AGENDA • PREFIX/SUFFIX REVIEW • LAB REVIEW • CARBON CYCLE • EXIT SLIP

3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

4. Carbon Cycle - Photosynthesis: • Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions carried out by algae, phytoplankton, and the leaves in plants, which utilize the energy from the sun. The simplified version of this chemical reaction is to utilize carbon dioxide molecules from the air and water molecules and the energy from the sun to produce a simple sugar such as glucose and oxygen molecules as a by product. The simple sugars are then converted into other molecules such as starch, fats, proteins, enzymes, and DNA/RNA i.e. all of the other molecules in living plants. All of the "matter/stuff" of a plant ultimately is produced as a result of this photosynthesis reaction. • An important summary statement is that during photosynthesis plants use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • First, plants trap the sun's light energy in a compound called chlorophyll. This energy is converted to a chemical form called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the second step, plants use the energy from ATP to produce sugar (C6H1206). The process of photosynthesis requires water (H2O). It also produces water, as well as oxygen (O2).

6. Click for larger image

7. Carbon Cycle - Combustion/Metabolism Reaction: • Combustion occurs when any organic material is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of carbon dioxide and water and ENERGY. The organic material can be any fossil fuel such as natural gas (methane), oil, or coal. Other organic materials that combust are wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. Organic materials contain at least carbon and hydrogen and may include oxygen. If other elements are present they also ultimately combine with oxygen to form a variety of pollutant molecules such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.

9. Carbon Cycle - Combustion/Metabolism Reaction: • An important summary statement is that during combustion/metabolism oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is a product. The whole purpose of both processes is to convert chemical energy into other forms of energy such as heat.

10. Carbon Cycle - Sedimentation: • Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble and is absorbed into bodies of water such as the ocean and lakes. It is not overly soluble as evidenced by what happens when a can of carbonated soda such as Coke is opened. Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide remains in the water, the warmer the water the less carbon dioxide remains in the water. • Some carbon dioxide is used by algae and phytoplankton through the process of photosynthesis.

12. Carbon Cycle - Sedimentation: • In other marine ecosystems, some organisms such as coral and those with shells take up carbon dioxide from the water and convert it into calcium carbonate. As the shelled organisms die, bits and pieces of the shells fall to the bottom of the oceans and accumulate as sediments. The carbonate sediments are constantly being formed and redissolved in the depths of the oceans. Over long periods of time, the sediments may be raised up as dry land or into mountains. This type of sedimentary rock is called limestone.The carbonates can redissolve releasing carbon dioxide back to the air or water.

13. Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle - Fossil Fuels: • In the natural carbon cycle, there are two main processes which occur: photosynthesis and metabolism. • During photosynthesis, plants usecarbon dioxide and produceoxygen. • During metabolism oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is a product.

14. Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle - Fossil Fuels: • Humans impact the carbon cycle during the combustion of any type of fossil fuel, which may include oil, coal, or natural gas. • The carbon is said to be "fixed" in place and is essentially locked out of the natural carbon cycle. Humans intervene during by burning the fossil fuels.

15. The question becomes as to what happens to this extra carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. This is the subject of considerable debate and about its’ possible effect in enhancing the greenhouse effect.

16. Homework/Classwork • Using the following diagram, describe how carbon moves through the carbon cycle.

17. Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for GigaTons of Carbon and figures are circa 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.

19. Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have burned increasingly greater amounts of fossil fuels in order to produce more energy. As the practice of burning fossil fuels grows, so does the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. Historical data from ice cores and modern data collected from the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii support this. The graph below depicts a 30% increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) since 1860.

21. There is growing evidence that increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may increase the rate of global climate change due to the greenhouse effect. This is because CO2 contributes to 55% of the greenhouse effect. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may also have great impacts on plant growth by affecting rates of photosynthesis.

22. SPECIAL SURPRISE FOR YOU AT THIS TIME • HOPE YOUR READY FOR SOME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME!!!! • OH YEAH, NUTTY PEANUT BUTTER AND BERRYLICIOUS JELLY TIME!!!!! • THIS IS KICKIN’ PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • PUT YOUR HANDS TOGETHER FOR AN OPEN RESPONSE QUESTION ON THE CARBON CYCLE!!!!! WOOOOOOOHOOOOOOOOO

25. NITROGEN CYCLE • The main component of the nitrogen cycle starts with the element nitrogen in the air. Two nitrogen oxides are found in the air as a result of interactions with oxygen.Nitrogen will only react with oxygen in the presence of high temperatures and pressures found near lightning bolts and in combustion reactions in power plants or internal combustion engines.

26. NITROGEN CYCLE • Nitrogen in the air becomes a part of biological matter mostly through the actions of bacteria and algae in a process known as nitrogen fixation. Legume plants such as clover, alfalfa, and soybeans form nodules on the roots where nitrogen fixing bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia, NH3.

27. NITROGEN CYCLE • Nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted under great pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst to make ammonia. Ammonia may be directly applied to farm fields as fertilizer. Ammonia may be further processed with oxygen to make nitric acid. The reaction of ammonia and nitric acid produces ammonium nitrate which may then be used as a fertilizer. Animal wastes when decomposed also return to the earth as nitrates.

28. NITROGEN CYCLE • To complete the cycle other bacteria in the soil carry out a process known as denitrification which converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas. A side product of this reaction is the production of a gas known as nitrous oxide, N2O.

29. NITROGEN CYCLE • Nitrous oxide, also known as "laughing gas" - mild anesthetic, is also a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming.

31. NITROGEN WRAP UP • HOW DOES NITROGEN MAKE AMMONIA?