facts

1. Hydrocarbons What to know? • facts • types • Drawing, naming, and identifying hydrocarbons • Halogenated hydrocarbons • branched Halogenated hydrocarbons

2. ABOUT HYDROCARBONS most commonly used are: Methane Methanol Gasoline Diesel Ammonia • reforming- process of extracting hydrogen from fossil fuels • today, this is the principal and least expensive method of producing hydrogen • unfortunately, reforming emits pollutants and consumes non-renewable fuels

3. ABOUT: HYDROCARBONS • almost all hydrocarbon products are produced from petroleum or crude oil extracted from the earth • origin of petroleum is believed to be from the anaerobic decomposition of marine plankton and algae • crude oil is a variable mixture of many hydrocarbons and other chemicals. (Separation is achieved with a cracking plant) • Propane gas can be liquefied under pressure and stored in steel tanks and bottles

4. ABOUT: HYDROCARBONS • This makes it economical to manufacture propane and compress it into a liquid for shipping • Butane can be maintained as a liquid at even lower pressures and can be safely held in plastic butane lighters • Heat energy is released when hydrocarbons "burn"

5. ABOUT HYDROCARBONS • when the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline • about a 12 carbons and it is diesel & 20 carbons is motor oil • a chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogen make plastic

6. ABOUT HYDROCARBONS • By combining oxygen with carbon and hydrogen, we can make any kind of alcohol • Ethanol is drinking alcohol (also called grain alcohol) • Methanol is also called wood alcohol • Three carbon alcohol is called propanol • If the alcohol group (OH) is on the middle carbon, it's called isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)

7. ABOUT HYDROCARBONS-Carbohydrates Carbohydrates(aka “CARBS”)- compounds that use carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen • dehydrated means loss of water • hydrated means to add water.

8. Writing HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBON- • contains 2 elements: hydrogen & carbon • names are based on a root word & suffix • root word that indicates the # of carbons present • suffix indicates which type of bond is present Rootword tells # of carbons Suffix  tells type of bonds

9. 3 BASIC HYDROCARBONS 1) alkanes - hydrocarbons with single bonds 2) alkenes - hydrocarbons with double bonds 3) alkynes - hydrocarbons with triple bonds

10. HYDROCARBONS HYDROGEN CARBON • has 6 electrons • has 1 electrons • oxidation #4 • oxidation #1 • ALWAYS NEEDS 4 bonds • ALWAYS NEEDS 1 bond 6 C 12 1 H 1

11. HYDROCARBONS Rootword tells # of carbons

12. HYDROCARBONS Suffix  tells type of bonds

13. DRAWING HYDROCARBONS practice drawing & include chemical formula: 1. ethane 2. ethene 3. propyne 3. propyne 1. ethane 2. ethene C2H6 C2H4 C3H4

14. BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS INFO: • The # of hydrocarbons in the branch follows the same naming rules as basic hydrocarbons • branch name usually ends in “yl”

15. DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons 1st draw the amount of carbons given in the root word 2nd draw the # of bonds indicated in the suffix 3rd add the branch where indicated 4th add hydrogen to all of the available bonding areas Eth=2 2 carbon chain All single bonds 3ethyl pentane formula: C7H16 5 carbons 2 carbon chain will go on the 3rd carbon of the main hydrocarbon

16. DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons Pentane – carbons are numbered C CCCC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Always numbered from left to right

17. 3ethyl pentane DRAWING: H H H H H C CCCC H H H H H H CC H H H H formula: C7H16 H

18. BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS Uses prefix when several different halogens are to be used Use the #’s in front to indicate which carbon the sub will go on

19. HYDROCARBONS-Carbohydrates EX: sugar, starch, cellulose (wood fiber), and glycogen • The small black granules (dots) are glycogen • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals and humans which is the same as the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized(made) and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

20. HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS • you can substitution of halogens with alkanes • in a substitution reaction, one atom of hydrogen is replaced by one atom of a halogen. • this type of reaction is called a halogenation. • the halogenation of alkanes occurs in the presence of light, making it a photochemical reaction. EX: methane (C2H4) reacts with chlorine (which occurs as a two-atom molecule Cl2) in the presence of light to produce methyl chloride, CH3Cl, and hydrogen chloride (HCl)

21. HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS These compounds can be differentiated according to various criteria, including:1. The type of halogen, for example fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-.2. The type of carbon chain: open, closed, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated. 3. The number of atoms in the halogen: mono-, di- and poly halogen compounds.

22. HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS • The name of the compound is based on the number of carbon atoms present • where the substitution of a halogen for a hydrogen atom has taken place. • Before the name of the hydrocarbon the names of the substitued halogens are given, in alphabetical order if possible. • Each carbon atom is assigned a number so as to place the substituted halogen at as low a number as possible. Then the number of the carbon which has been substituted is placed before the halogen prefix.

23. HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS • For example: Fluorine is the first of the halogen group • means that it is able to substitute for all of the other halogens in a chemical bond. • hydrocarbons containing fluorine are very stable, non- flammable, and are not poisonous. • they are used as an ingredient in aerosol sprays or as the refrigerant liquid in refrigerators, and as a solvent. Their use has become less popular in recent years because of the damage they do in the atmosphere to the ozone layer.

24. 1,1,1 trifloro2,2 dibromopentane H F H Br H C CCCC H F H F H Br H

25. You try… 1,2,3 trichloro4,4 dibromopentane H Cl Br Cl Cl C CCCC H H H H H H Br