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DNA Structure, RNA Synthesis, and Protein Synthesis Explained

Learn about the double helix structure of DNA, the process of transcription and translation, and how proteins are synthesized from DNA.

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DNA Structure, RNA Synthesis, and Protein Synthesis Explained

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  1. http://members.aol.com/wayneheim/dna-w.jpg

  2. P P A T S S P P A T S S P P G C S S P P C G S S P P A T S S P P C G S S P P G C S S P P A T S S Key Points: 1) Double Helix2) Sugar-phosphate backbone3) Nucleotide Rungs 4) Hydrogen bonds

  3. DNA Nucleotides: Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine

  4. A T G C ComplementaryBase Pairing: DNA

  5. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid 1) Single stranded (usually) 2) Nucleotide Uracil replaces Thymine 3) Three species (for this course): 3.1) messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.3) transfer RNA (tRNA)

  6. A U G C ComplementaryBase Pairing: RNA

  7. (a) the nucleosome: DNA wraps around histone proteins. (b) solenoids: loop of nucleosomes. Histone protein complex DNA (c): solenoids form a loop. (d): idealized cross section of a chromosome: several solenoid loops. (e): portion of a chromosome without the protein scaffold. DNA Packaging:

  8. http://users.ntua.gr/sofial/DNA.jpg

  9. (b) Synthesis of new, complementary strands. (a) DNA replication: strands separate A T T A A T T A T A T T A A A T C A G T G C C G G C G C G T A C A T A A T T T A T A C G C G C G C G G C G C T A T A G C G C A T A T A T A T T A T A G C G C C G C G A T A T G C G C G C G C T A T A

  10. Arg Ala Try Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Phe Phe Terms Amino acid = basic building block of polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chain = series of linked amino acids. AKApeptide chain. Protein = one or more polypeptide chains, folded and taking on a 3 dimensional configuration. Enzyme = a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

  11. Genetic Code (mRNA) 1) Triplet2) Redundant3) Universal http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPROTSYn.html

  12. Five Steps in ProteinSynthesis (PETAP): 1) Photocopying 2) Editing 3) Transportation 4) Assembly 5) Packaging

  13. 1) Photocopying = Transcription = Post-transcriptional modification 2) Editing 3) Transportation = Transportation 4) Assembly = Translation 5) Packaging = Post-translational modification Five Steps in ProteinSynthesis (PETAP): Common Sense Terms Scientificese

  14. I. Photocopying (Transcription) Definition: An RNA strand is synthesized from the DNA using complementary base pairing. Process: 1) “Transcription stuff” binds to a promoter region of the DNA. 2) An enzyme “slices” the DNA, making it single stranded. 3) Another enzyme (polymerase) synthesizes a strand of RNA using one of the DNA strands as a template.

  15. C G A U C G A U A U G C A T RNA transcript A T A U T A G C C G U G C G G C G A T A U A A DNA

  16. II. Editing(Post-transcriptional modification) Definition: Nonmessage segments in the newly synthesized RNAstrand are edited out. Process: 1) Enzymes excise the introns (nonmessage segments) from the RNA strand. 2) Other enzymes splice together the exons (message segments) giving messenger RNA (mRNA).

  17. Punctuation marks Punctuation marks RNA transcript: exon 1 intron 1 exon 2 intron 2 exon 3 Editing: exon 1 intron 1 exon 2 intron 2 exon 3 mRNA messemger RNA Punctuation marks Punctuation marks exon 1 exon 2 exon 3

  18. III. Transportation (Transportation) Definition: mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasmand attaches to a ribosome. Process: (same as the definition)

  19. IV. Assembly (Translation) Definition: The mRNA codons are “read” and the corresponding aminoacid is added to the polypeptide chain. Process: 1) A codon enters the “reading frame” of a ribosome. 2) A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule with the complementaryanticodon binds to the codon of mRNA. 3) The amino acid carried by the tRNA molecule is added to the polypeptide chain. 3) Steps 1 to 3 are repeated until all codons are “read.”

  20. C C A Transfer RNA(schematic) anticodon “bar code” other RNA Trp amino acid

  21. ribosome mRNA U U U U U U U U U U A C C C A C C C G G G G G G A A A G G G C C C C U U A A A Phe Thr Phe Thr Arg A A G G C C peptide chain Ser Arg A A G A C C tRNA Ser Trp

  22. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPROTSYn.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPROTSYn.html

  23. http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/pix/protsynth.gif

  24. length in kilobases (kb): 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 b-like gene cluster on chromosome 11: b yb d Gg Ag yb e 1 2 ATG: Start Translation Here TAA: Stop Translation Here Promoters: TATA CAAT Blow up of the b hemoglobin gene: Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 1 104 146 30 31 105 CodonNumber: ACATTG: Start trans- scription here Attach a tail of multiple adenines here CATTGC: Stop trans- scription here Blow up of Exon 1 of the b hemoglobin gene: Nucleotides: GTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTTGGCC..AGG Amino Acids: Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser Ala.. Arg

  25. length in kilobases (kb): 0 5 10 15 20 25 ya z z a a 1 1 1 2 2 a-like gene cluster on chromosome 16:

  26. Open window (A) and fly kite (B).  String (C) lifts small door (D) allowing moths (E) to escape and eat red flannel shirt (F).As weight of shirt becomes less, shoe (G) steps on switch (H) which heats electric iron (I) and burns hole in pants (J).Smoke (K) enters hole in tree (L), smoking out opossum (M) which jumps into basket (N), pulling rope (O) and lifting cage (P),allowing woodpecker (Q) to chew wood from pencil (R), exposing lead.Emergency knife (S) is always handy in case opossum or the woodpecker gets sick and can't work.

  27. The Self-Operating Napkin: As you raise spoon of soup (A) to your mouth it pulls string (B), thereby jerking ladle (C) which throws cracker (D) past parrot (E). Parrot jumps after cracker and perch (F) tilts, upsetting seeds (G) into pail (H). Extra weight in pail pulls cord (I), which opens and lights automatic cigar lighter (J), setting off sky-rocket (K) which causes sickle (L) to cut string (M) and allow pendulum with attached napkin to swing back and forth thereby wiping off your chin.

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