Roy Rasmussen National Center for Atmospheric Research Presentation to OFCM meeting Feb. 14, 2008

1. On the use of Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE) for estimating snowfall intensity and freezing drizzle intensity versus the use of visibility Roy Rasmussen National Center for Atmospheric Research Presentation to OFCM meeting Feb. 14, 2008

2. Background • Rough ice accumulation on a wing, the thickness of a thumbnail, leads to a loss of lift and increase in drag of 25%, requiring that aircraft be deiced with Type I (deicing), and/or Type II or IV anti-icing fluids (both either ethylene or propylene glycol based) to remove ice and protect against re-icing before takeoff. • Holdover time is the period that deicing/anti-icing fluids protect against re-icing.

3. Background • Outdoor and indoor testing of deicing fluids for endurance time has shown that the liquid equivalent snowfall rate is the main cause for fluid failure: • Dilutes the fluid, leading to runoff • Causes the freeze temperature of the fluid to increase • Holdover times are also sensitive to fluid temperature

4. Deicing fluid endurance time as a function of liquid equivalent rate Regression analysis that provides a power law relationship is used for each fluid and each dilution for each weather condition

5. 2.5 – 4 g/d2/hr Very Light 4 – 10 g/d2/hr Light 10-25 g/d2/hr Moderate > 25 g/d2/hr Heavy

6. Very Light Moderate Light Heavy

7. Light Moderate

8. Type IV Upper range of snow cell at -5 C Lower range of snow cell at -5 C

9. NWS Category Light Moderate Heavy Visibility Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate > 5/8 mi < 1.0 mm/hr 5/8-5/16 mi 1.0 to 2.5 mm/hr 1/4 mi or less > 2.5 mm/hr Snowfall Intensity by Visibility - SN SN + SN

10. Background • An analysis of five aircraft ground deicing accidents showed that the snowfall rate as determined by a weighing snowgauge was nearly identical for each accident (near 2.5 mm/hr), but that the snowfall intensity reported to the pilot from the METAR using visibility ranged from light to heavy. “Common Snowfall Conditions Associated with Aircraft Takeoff Accidents”, 2000: R. Rasmussen, J. Cole, R.K. Moore, and M. Kuperman. J. Aircraft, Vol. 37, 110 – 116.

11. Accidents Plotted Against Visibility AndLiquid-Equivalent Precipitation Rate .4 in/hr .10 in/hr + x J * l .08 in/hr Liquid-equivalent Precipitation Rate (in/hr) .04 in/hr .004 in/hr Light S- Mod S Heavy S+ Snow Intensity Based on Visibility Alone

12. Background • Since the current method to estimate snow intensity is based on visibility, I decided to do a follow up study to examine this relationship in more detail. • Study based on observations from well shielded weighing snowgauges and calibrated automatic visibility sensors. Visibility sensor calibrated during snow conditions by a manual observer. • Theoretical study also performed and compared to the observations. “The Estimation of Snowfall Rate Using Visibility”, 1999: R. Rasmussen, J. Vivekanandan, J. Cole, B. Myers, and C. Masters. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 38, 1542 – 1563.

13. Observations of Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate from the NCAR Marshall Field Site

14. Observations of Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate from the NCAR Marshall Field Site Light Mod Heavy

15. Observations of Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate from the NCAR Marshall Field Site Light Mod Heavy

16. Observations of Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate from the NCAR Marshall Field Site Light Mod Heavy

17. Theoretical Relationship between Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate for Dry and Wet snow

18. Theoretical Relationship between Visibility and Liquid Equivalent Snowfall Rate for various crystal types and degree of riming.

21. Theory, Observations, and Accident Data Combined

22. Courtesy of APS Aviation Seven years of data from Montreal

23. Courtesy of APS Aviation Seven years of data from Montreal Light Moderate Heavy

25. Day vs Night Visibility • Visibility at night is twice as good as the visibility during the day for the same snowfall rate • Means that going from day to night decreases the snowfall rate from heavy to moderate, or from moderate to light. • The LaGuardia accident (3/22/92) occurred at night • Occurred under wet snow conditions • Snow intensity of light • Occurred at night

26. Summary • Both observations and theory show that a given visibility is not uniquely related to only one snowfall rate due to: • a variety of crystal types • varying degrees of riming • varying degrees of aggregation • wet snow • difference in visibility between day and night for a given extinction coefficient • Above suggests that the variation in visibility during the previous deicing accidents is real and potentially misleading.

27. FREQUENCY OF DE/ANTI-ICING OPERATIONS (ALL AIRPORTS) – SURVEY 2000-03

28. FAA TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE Table 1. FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAEType I Fluid Mixture as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFFCHECK PROCEDURES. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 1B. SNOWFALL INTENSITIES AS A FUNCTION OF PREVAILING VISIBILITY. FOR TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINES • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAE TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-II PLUS Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 3,600cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-II PLUSTYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2B - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-2000 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 2,350 cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-2000TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2C - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for Octagon E-MAX II Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and • OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 13,520 cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV1, 600 ml beaker, 500 ml fluid, 33 min 20 sec, grd. leg • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • OCTAGON E-MAX II TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2D – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA ECOWING 26 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 4,900cp, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA ECOWING 26TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP II 2025 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 5,500mPa.s, 20 oC, 0.3 rpm, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA ECOWING 26TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • FAA TYPE IV HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE • TABLE 4 - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAE Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees CelsiusOAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAE TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDEPROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for UCAR ULTRA+ Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 36,000cP, 0 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-31/13R, 10ml fluid, 10 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. Visibility Criteria for Snow Intensity • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-STYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4D - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 1957 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 16,200cP, 20o , 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING MP IV 1957TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 2001 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 18,000cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING MP IV 2001TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4F – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2012 PROTECT Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 7,800cp, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • CLARIANT SAFEWING MP IV 2012 PROTECT TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4G - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING FOUR Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 6,400cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING FOURTYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4H - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2030 ECO Type IV as a function of Weather Conditions • and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 10,500 mPa.s, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA AD-480TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4I - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA AD-480 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 15,200cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA AD-480TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 5 - FAA Guidelines for the Application of SAE Type II and Type IV Fluid Mixtures. • Minimum Concentrations as a Function of Outside Air Temperature (OAT). • Concentrations in % V/V Effective: October 1, 2003 Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004 Qualified Type I Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004(Continued) Qualified Type II Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Qualified Type IV Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids (1) NOTE: Qualified implies that the fluid has met the requirements of the applicable SAE AMS performance specifications, as conducted by the Anti-Icing Materials International Laboratory at the University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Canada, in effect at the time of certification. Web site: http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/amil/ It also implies that the fluid has completed HOT testing. Fluids that successfully qualify after the issuance of this list will appear in a later update.

29. FAA TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE Table 1. FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAEType I Fluid Mixture as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFFCHECK PROCEDURES. Effective: October 1, 2003 TABLE 1B. SNOWFALL INTENSITIES AS A FUNCTION OF PREVAILING VISIBILITY. FOR TYPE I HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINES • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAE TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-II PLUS Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 3,600cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-II PLUSTYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2B - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for KILFROST ABC-2000 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 2,350 cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV2, 250ml beaker, 150ml fluid, 10 min. grd. leg. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-2000TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2C - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for Octagon E-MAX II Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and • OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 13,520 cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle LV1, 600 ml beaker, 500 ml fluid, 33 min 20 sec, grd. leg • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • OCTAGON E-MAX II TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2D – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA ECOWING 26 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 4,900cp, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA ECOWING 26TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 2E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP II 2025 Type II Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 5,500mPa.s, 20 oC, 0.3 rpm, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA ECOWING 26TYPE II FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • FAA TYPE IV HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINE • TABLE 4 - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAE Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees CelsiusOAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAE TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDEPROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4A - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for UCAR ULTRA+ Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 36,000cP, 0 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-31/13R, 10ml fluid, 10 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. Modified Visibility Criteria for Snow Intensity Based on Temperature and Day or Night • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • KILFROST ABC-STYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4D - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 1957 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 16,200cP, 20o , 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING MP IV 1957TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4E – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SAFEWING MP IV 2001 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 18,000cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING MP IV 2001TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4F – FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2012 PROTECT Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% fluid Tested 7,800cp, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • CLARIANT SAFEWING MP IV 2012 PROTECT TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4G - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING FOUR Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT –Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 6,400cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SAFEWING FOURTYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4H - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for CLARIANT SAFEWING MPIV 2030 ECO Type IV as a function of Weather Conditions • and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 10,500 mPa.s, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 15 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA AD-480TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 4I - FAA Guideline for Holdover Times Anticipated for SPCA AD-480 Type IV Fluid Mixtures as a Function of Weather Conditions and OAT–Viscosity of Neat 100% Fluid Tested 15,200cP, 20 oC, 0.3 RPM, Spindle SC4-34/13R, 10ml fluid, 30 min. • CAUTION: THIS TABLE IS FOR DEPARTURE PLANNING ONLY AND SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK PROCEDURES. • °C = Degrees Celsius OAT = Outside Air Temperature • °F = Degrees Fahrenheit VOL = Volume • THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA REMAINS WITH THE USER. • * During conditions that apply to aircraft protection for ACTIVE FROST • ** No holdover time guidelines exist for this condition below -10 C (14 F) • *** Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible • ‡ Snow pellets, ice pellets, heavy snow, moderate and heavy freezing rain, and hail • Snow includes snow grains • CAUTIONS: • THE TIME OF PROTECTION WILL BE SHORTENED IN HEAVY WEATHER CONDITIONS. HEAVY PRECIPITATION RATES OR HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT, HIGH WIND VELOCITY, OR JET BLAST MAY REDUCE HOLDOVER TIME BELOW THE LOWEST TIME STATED IN THE RANGE. HOLDOVER TIME MAY BE REDUCED WHEN AIRCRAFT SKIN TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OAT. • SPCA AD-480TYPE IV FLUID USED DURING GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING IS NOT INTENDED FOR AND DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION DURING FLIGHT. • Effective: October 1, 2003 • TABLE 5 - FAA Guidelines for the Application of SAE Type II and Type IV Fluid Mixtures. • Minimum Concentrations as a Function of Outside Air Temperature (OAT). • Concentrations in % V/V Effective: October 1, 2003 Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004 Qualified Type I Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Table 6. List of Qualified (1) Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids – Winter 2003-2004(Continued) Qualified Type II Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids Qualified Type IV Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids (1) NOTE: Qualified implies that the fluid has met the requirements of the applicable SAE AMS performance specifications, as conducted by the Anti-Icing Materials International Laboratory at the University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Canada, in effect at the time of certification. Web site: http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/amil/ It also implies that the fluid has completed HOT testing. Fluids that successfully qualify after the issuance of this list will appear in a later update.

30. PROBABILITY OF SNOW IN EACH HOT TABLE TEMPERATURE RANGE – TYPE I FLUIDS

31. The lack of liquid equivalent and precipitation type real-time information updated every minute is having a significant impact on aircraft deicing operations and is a significant safety factor • The liquid equivalent rate of snow, freezing rain, snow pellets, ice pellets, and freezing drizzle is the primary factor causing aircraft deicing fluids to fail. • The current NWS estimates of snowfall and drizzle intensity available to pilots via METARS through ASOS and ATIS is based on visibility, not liquid equivalent. • The use of a modified visibility table is only a stop-gap measure. Need real-time liquid equivalent!

32. Liquid Water Equivalent Measurements Weighing Snowgauge (GEONOR) Hotplate (Yankee) ASOS weighing precipitation gauge (AWPAG) Manufactured by OTT

33. CHANGE PARAGRAPH 2.6.6 TO INCLUDE CHANGES APPROVED BY ACCB AND APMC? • 2.6.6 Algorithms Used by Automated Stations. Automated stations shall use algorithms that conform with the latest Federal Standard Algorithms for Automated Weather Observing Systems published by the OFCM, or subsequently approved by the ASOS Configuration Control Board and ASOS Program Management Council.These algorithms do not apply to previously authorized systems, which may continue to operate until replaced or modified. • 8.4 Present Weather Observing Standards • 8.4.1 Qualifiers. Present weather qualifiers fall into two categories: intensity or proximity and descriptors. Qualifiers may be used in various combinations to describe weather phenomena. • a. Intensity/Proximity. The intensity qualifiers are: light, moderate, and heavy. The proximity qualifier is vicinity. • (1) Intensity of Precipitation. When more than one form of precipitation is occurring at a time or precipitation is occurring with an obscuration, the intensities determined shall be no greater than that which would be determined if any forms were occurring alone. The intensity of precipitation shall be identified as light, moderate, or heavy in accordance with one of the following:

34. SHOULD WE CHANGE INTENSITY OF SNOW AND DRIZZLE AS FOLLOWS? • (b) Intensity of Snow and Drizzle. The manually-derived intensity of snow and drizzle shall be based on the reported surface visibility in accordance with Table 8-6, when occurring alone. Where possible, the intensity of snow or drizzle may be automatically determined by sensors operating in accordance with the Federal Standard Algorithms for Automated Observing Systems Used for Aviation Purposes using a liquid water equivalent rate. • Table 8-4. Intensity of Snow Based on Liquid Water Equivalent Rate • Intensity Criteria • Light Less than 1 mm*/hr • Moderate 1 – 2.5 mm*/hr • Heavy Greater than 2.5 mm*/hr • Table 8-6. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle Based on Visibility • Intensity Criteria • Light Visibility > 1/2 mile. • Moderate Visibility > 1/4 mile but < 1/2 mile. • Heavy Visibility < 1/4 mile.

35. Proposed change #2: • 2.5.2 Aviation Selected Special Weather Report (SPECI) • a. Criteria for SPECI • CHANGE • (6) PRECIPITATION. • (a) hail begins or ends. • (b) freezing precipitation begins, ends, or changes intensity. • (c) ice pellets begin, end, or change intensity. • TO • (6) PRECIPITATION. • (a) hail begins or ends. • (b) freezing precipitation begins, ends, or changes intensity. • (c) ice pellets begin, end, or change intensity. • (d) snow begins, ends or changes intensity.

36. Freezing drizzle

37. Criteria for Determining Freezing Drizzle Intensity 1 Federal Meteorological Handbook 2 Glossary of the American Meteorological Society

38. Remarks on Current Methods to Estimate Freezing Drizzle Intensity • Currently used method to estimate drizzle intensity (light, moderate, or heavy) reported on METAR’s is based on visibility. This is true both with the U.S. National Weather Service, and also internationally.

39. Remarks on Current Methods to Estimate Freezing Drizzle Intensity • Report by Allan Ramsay prepared for the U.S. National Weather Service ASOS program (Sept. 21, 1999) has shown that the use of visibility to estimate drizzle intensity is highly inaccurate in terms of the actual ice accretion rate on an exposed surface.

41. Freezing Drizzle Frequency drop due to ice accretion on the sensor Heating cycles

42. Ramsay Algorithm for FZRA/FZDZ

43. Icing Rates

44. One minute freezing drizzle observations from ASOS sites with freezing rain sensors at various locations in the U.S. from 1998-99 (Analysis by Al Ramsey, formerly of Raytheon). Minutes Freezing Drizzle Intensity

45. One minute freezing drizzle observations from ASOS sites with freezing rain sensors at various locations in the U.S. from 1998-99 (Analysis by Al Ramsey, formerly of Raytheon). Percent of time Freezing Drizzle Intensity

46. Quotes from the Al Ramsey report to the U.S. National Weather Service: “It is clear that visibility-based criteria provide little or no information on the intensity of ice accretion from freezing drizzle.” “…data collected in this project clearly indicate that METAR/SPECI reports of FZDZ intensity, based on visibility, do not accurately represent the rate of ice accretion, and they may mislead users into selecting incorrect holdover times.” Freezing Drizzle Intensity

47. Freezing drizzle ingest into engines can cause significant damage to fan blades (light freezing drizzle reported by METAR, heavy freezing drizzle actually occuring based on liquid equivalent)

48. SHOULD WE CHANGE INTENSITY OF SNOW AND DRIZZLE AS FOLLOWS? • (b) Intensity of Snow and Drizzle. The manually-derived intensity of snow and drizzle shall be based on the reported surface visibility in accordance with Table 8-6, when occurring alone. Where possible, the intensity of snow or drizzle may be automatically determined by sensors operating in accordance with the Federal Standard Algorithms for Automated Observing Systems Used for Aviation Purposes using a liquid water equivalent rate. • Table 8-5. Intensity of Freezing Drizzle Based on Liquid Water Equivalent Rate • Intensity Criteria • Light Less than 0.254 mm*/hr • Moderate 0.254 – 0.508 mm*/hr • Heavy Greater than 0.508 mm*/hr • Table 8-6. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle Based on Visibility • Intensity Criteria • Light Visibility > 1/2 mile. • Moderate Visibility > 1/4 mile but < 1/2 mile. • Heavy Visibility < 1/4 mile.