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DNA: The Other MacroMolecule

DNA: The Other MacroMolecule. Basic Structure. DNA is a long chain polymers of small compound called nucleotides. Draw this picture in box in your notes. What is a Nucleotide?. Nucleotide contains: 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose Phosphate group

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DNA: The Other MacroMolecule

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  1. DNA: The Other MacroMolecule

  2. Basic Structure • DNA is a long chain polymers of small compound called nucleotides. • Draw this picture in box in your notes

  3. What is a Nucleotide? • Nucleotide contains: • 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose • Phosphategroup • One Nitrogenous base (there are 4 types)

  4. How are the molecules positioned? • Sugar and phosphate make up backbone (sides of ladder) • Nitrogenous bases make up steps of ladder • Bases are always paired (Chargaff’s rule) • Draw a nucleotide in the box and label its parts.

  5. There are two types of Nitrogen Bases: • Make up the “steps” or rungs of the DNA ladder • One Step= Purine + Pyrimidine • Purines • Double ring structure • Adenine • Guanine • Pyrimidines • Single-ring structure • Cytosine • Thymine (in DNA only)

  6. Watch the following videos to help you get a better understanding of DNA and nucleotides • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rromYAt1Lfw

  7. How do they pair up to for the rungs of the ladder? • Adenine (Purine) binds with Thymine (pyrimidine) or vice versa • A-T or T-A. • Cytosine (Purine) binds with Guanine (pyrimidine) or vise versa • C-G or G-C. • Held together by weak hydrogen bonds. • Base pairs join together in complement. • Draw that pairing

  8. How does it all fit into your cells? • Chromatin wrapped around proteins called histones. • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during replication

  9. DNA Replication • The enzyme helixase “unzips”the helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds. • DNA polymerase moves along the “exposed” strands, adding nuleotides. A new helix is made. You now have two. • Polymerase proofreads, backtracks, and fixs errors in base pairs. • Errors not corrected are called mutations

  10. DNA Replication, now that’s easy! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDlKrLJjRlY&feature=related cartoon • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI-TGzZNzVE remix of cartoon

  11. Draw this in box for replication.Be sure to label old and new strands. • Where might you draw in helixase? • Polymerase?

  12. How different are We? • The difference between 2 people, 2-10 million nucleotides. • That’s only 1% of our total DNA! • DNA replication only takes about 6 hours to happen.

  13. Who discovered DNA and its structure? • Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins • Rosalind Franklin, 1950s, Brit scientist who studied DNA • Used X-ray diffraction technique to learn about structure of DNA • She noticed an X-shaped pattern • This indicated that DNA had a helical structure • She did not get a chance to publish her research…and her idea was basically stolen 

  14. You’ve been ripped off, once again it’s a Man world! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SN7aAkdt-0

  15. Who got the credit? Crick and Watson • 23-year old American Biologist James Watson went to work with English Physicist Francis Crick • Used information from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1950’s) • These two scientists used Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray crystallography images to begin to piece together the DNA structure • Showed that there were 2 strands twisted around each other

  16. These guys got all the credit for discovering the structure of DNA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiiFVSvLfGE

  17. Watch the video on Secrets of the Sequence • Do the accompanying worksheet called the Human Genome Project • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf0YXnAFBs8

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