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Chapter Ten High Middle Ages: The Search for Synthesis

Chapter Ten High Middle Ages: The Search for Synthesis. ______________________________ Culture and Values, 6 th Ed. Cunningham and Reich. The Significance of Paris. Center of Western civilization (1150-1300) Gothic architecture Scholasticism The University Distinct cultural expression

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Chapter Ten High Middle Ages: The Search for Synthesis

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  1. Chapter TenHigh Middle Ages:The Search for Synthesis ______________________________ Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

  2. The Significance of Paris • Center of Western civilization (1150-1300) • Gothic architecture • Scholasticism • The University • Distinct cultural expression • Classical texts • Judeo-Christian worldview • Religious reforms

  3. The Gothic Style: Saint Denis • Abbot Suger (1080-1151) • Saint Denis and Charlemagne • Pilgrimage destination • Lendit • Hagia Sophia, Temple of Solomon • Choir, double ambulatory • Defining Gothic • Gothic vs. Romanesque

  4. The Mysticism of Light • Luminous quality of the Gothic • Suger’s “theology of beauty” • Neo-Platonic philosophy, purity of light • Stained glass windows • Lux Nova • …vs. Byzantine mosaics • “Bible of the Poor”

  5. To Teach and Edify • Learning, wisdom, and God • Collaboration of builders, theologians • History of salvation in decoration • Gargoyles

  6. Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral • Social functions • “Cathedral Square” • Church courts / civil courts • Horarium • Economic impact • Pilgrimages, trade fairs, feast days • Prestigious donations by guilds

  7. Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral • Motivation to build • Actual design and construction • Villard de Honnecourt’s notebook • Combination of human knowledge and religious faith • Pilgrim as central metaphor

  8. Music: The School of Notre Dame • Musical notation • Guido di Arezzo • Polyphony of organum • Secular music • Troubadours, trouvères, minnesingers • Léonin’s Magnus Liber Organi • Pérotin and counterpoint • The Motet

  9. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • Demand for an educated class • Support for socioeconomic structures • Intellectual and cultural needs • Ancient texts (Aristotle) • Relationships with Arab scholars • Renaissance of legal studies • Dialectics • Peter Abelard • Scholasticism

  10. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • University of Paris • William of Champeaux (1070-1121) • Peter Abelard (1079-1142) • Universitas • Magistri / doctors • Art vs. Theology • Student financial assistance • Curriculum and instruction

  11. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • Student culture and lifestyles • Saint Golias • Goliardic Verse • Carmina Burana • Women not admitted to universities • Educated by private tutors or in convents • Few exceptions to the rule (Italy, Germany)

  12. Francis of Assisi • Mendicant brotherhood • Life of total poverty, mobility • Humanity of Christ • Literal interpretation of the Gospels • Stigmata • Goodness of God’s creation • Concern for all creatures • Affective and emotional religion

  13. Thomas Aquinas (1225?-1274) • Intellectual and mystic • “Master of the Sacred Page” • Sought to harmonize reason and revelation • Fideism vs. Rationalism • Summa Theologica • Intellectual tradition of Aristotle • Hierarchical, synthetic worldview

  14. Dante’s Divine Comedy • Influenced by intellectualism from Paris • Hierarchical, synthetic religious humanism • Wide array of publications • The Comedy of Dante Alighieri… • Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso • Organization • Terza Rima • Encyclopedic and complex

  15. Symbolism in The Divine Comedy • Journey • Vergil, Beatrice • Numbers • Multiples of three, Trinity • Punishments and Blessings • Satan • Light and Darkness • Intellectual estrangement from God

  16. Chapter Ten: Discussion Questions • Consider the pilgrimage both as a metaphorical and literal journey. What role did the pilgrimage play during the Middle Ages? • What specific qualities are present in Gothic architecture that are not present in the Romanesque? What is the symbolic message inherent in each architectural style? • Explain the “hierarchical and synthetic” natures of the Gothic cathedral, Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, and Dante’s Divine Comedy. In what ways are they hierarchical? What is being synthesized in these artistic and intellectual examples? In what ways is this a commentary on the patterns of thought during the Middle Ages?

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