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4. Hysteria (noun) Meaning: exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement Synonyms: frenzy, wildness Antonyms: calmness If folklore has a sense of joy, mass culture brings to its icons a sense of frenzy, hysteria, what one can call a modern sense of idolatry. The narrative possesses an official character which creates a grid of uniformity.

5. Iconography (noun) Meaning: the visual images and symbols used in a work of art or the study or interpretation of these. Synonyms: emblem, folklore Classical iconography was, in fact, the study of religious icons, an exploration of symbols and their meaning. While iconography has a sense of tradition, modern society looks at its icons differently.

6. Mnemonic (noun,adjective) Meaning: aiding or designed to aid the memory. Synonyms: evocative, redolent Antonyms: oblivious From one of the great monuments of the era, he became a memorial and was soon reduced to mnemonic commemorations on birthdays through official clichés. In 2019, it’ll be 150 years since his birth, and one realises he is being stripmined for official slogans and programmes, where his great quotations become clerical clichés.

7. Mystique (noun) Meaning: a quality of mystery, glamour, or power associated with someone or something. Synonyms: glamour, fascination Antonyms: simplicity Bose’s mystique derived from two sources: from the Azad Hind Fauj which was a counter to Gandhi’s satyagraha imagination, and from the mystery of his disappearance. The fact that there is a mystery around his death created a literal industry of inquiries by every opportunistic politician.

8. Perennial (adjective) Meaning: lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time Synonyms: eternal, abiding Antonyms: antiquated Nehru is a perennial icon, whose ability to survive has made a mockery of his critics. Instead of hyperbolic attacks and hysterical critiques, one senses that a quieter nuanced assessment would have been more devastating and effective.

9. Hagiography (noun) Meaning: biography of saints or venerated persons Synonyms: slobbering Antonyms: ingenuous Sadly, balance and fairness elude the fate of the Indian icon who sways between hagiography and hysterical downsizing, both of which reduce Indian history to a comic strip of exaggerations.

10. Accruing (verb) Meaning: accumulate or receive (payments or benefits) Over time. Synonyms: collect, gather Antonyms: disperse, dissipate With the general election only a few months away, the government needs to avoid the temptation to open the spigot with an eye on the political benefits that it may see accruing. Some of the expenditure plans it has committed to recently have either been factored in or will at most impact the margins — be it public sector bank recapitalisation or an increase in the quantum of incentives for the export of onions to reverse the slide in prices

11. Cornucopia (noun) Meaning: a large amount or supply of something Synonyms: abundance Antonyms: deficiency The verdict is a cornucopia of textual analysis, ancient and modern history, India’s political history, philosophical reasoning, and doctrinal application. It deserves a rich tribute for its transformative constitutionalism

12. Ostensibly (adverb) Meaning: as appears or is stated to be true, though not necessarily so Synonyms: purportedly Antonyms: obscurely From deciding the fair value of a start­up to deciding how much discount can be offered to consumers, to deciding how, where and at what price a producer is to sell his goods is certainly not the government’s job. While all this is being done to ostensibly promote “swadeshi” enterprise and “protect” the consumer, it will actually achieve the opposite.

13. Frazzled (verb) Meaning: completely exhausted Synonyms: fatigue, enervation Antonyms: rejuvenation The cast of characters doesn’t just take in various continents, it also captures the diversity of migrations and movements today (the well regarded novelist, the student abroad, the Syrian refugee, the frazzled journalist, the Indian doctor made good overseas, the Indian worker in West Asia living precariously at the mercy of the goodwill of his “sponsor”, etc.).

14. Poignant (adjective) Meaning: evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret. Synonyms: wretched, rending Antonyms: cheerful, happy Some relationships are brittle (Abhijit’s, for instance), some are ephemeral but nourishing, others are long ­lasting and poignant.

15. Estranged (verb) Meaning: (of a person) no longer close or affectionate to someone Synonyms: alienate Antonyms: agree, maintain His taxi takes Abhijit to the family house in Daryaganj, and while he explains to his father what it was that he was doing in Vietnam (playing golf with his brother Abir, who appears to be somewhat estranged from the father for a reason that we don’t ever get a measure of ), it’s almost as if Szalay has coasted into a Ruth PrawerJhabvala setting, with its depiction of relationships clipped into place with aloofness and manipulation.

16. Whopping (adjective) Meaning: very large Synonyms: prodigious Antonyms: little Global retailer Walmart shelled out a whopping $16 billion to acquire a controlling stake in online e ­commerce platform Flipkart, to take on rival Amazon.

17. Retrospective (adjective) Meaning: looking back on or dealing with past events or situations Synonyms: retroactive Antonyms: forward, prospective The government has said it will review the angel tax, but it said the same thing about the infamous retrospective amendment in the Vodafone case. That amendment is still in the statute books, as is Section 56(2).

18. Behemoth (noun) Meaning: a huge or monstrous creature. Synonyms: beast Antonyms: tiny, small The Jeff Bezos ­led e ­tailing behemoth, Amazon, has already invested over $15 billion in its Indian venture and has signalled that it will go toe ­to­ toe with Walmart­ Flipkart for as long as it takes.

19. Contemporaneous (adjective) Meaning: existing at or occurring in the same period of time Synonyms: concurrent Antonyms: asynchronous Former Chief Justice Misra and colleagues made numerous references to contemporaneous decisions of constitutional courts in considering the validity of homosexual offences in India. Their written reasons contain important analyses describing the emerging constitutional jurisprudence of the U.S., Canada, South Africa, the U.K., and the European Court of Human Rights.

20. Oligarchy (noun) Meaning: a small group of people having control of a country or organization. Synonyms: despotism Antonyms: democracy As we promised, nothing has damaged the social fabric of India since 2014; you can debate demonetisation but you can’t debate the triumph of GST; there is no corruption in high places, none, no one is favouring the oligarchy, there’s nothing to see here, please move on; the minorities are not cowering in their homes, no, what you hear is exaggerated fake news, so what if it’s from all over the country, and so what if farmers are marching, students are marching.

21. Fungible (adjective) Meaning: replaceable by another identical item; mutually interchangeable. Synonyms: compatible Antonyms: different For businesses still coping with compliance niggles, more time has been granted for filing this year’s annual returns; the promise of a simpler return filing system has been dangled (by July next year); and a single, fungible e­-cash ledger has been proposed to replace the present system in which credits available under Central GST cannot be set off against State GST dues

22. Egalitarian (adjective) Meaning: believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. Synonyms: democratic Antonyms: snob, snoot Its ruling party espouses a communist, egalitarian ideology while presiding over the emergence of a hugely unequal, capitalism­ driven society.

23. Tinkering (verb) Meaning: attempt to repair or improve something in a casual or desultory way Synonyms: dabble Antonyms: destroy This approach was characterised by experimentation and local policy tinkering, in order to establish what worked best in practice, before adoption at the national level.

24. Upheavals (noun) Meaning: a violent or sudden change or disruption to something Synonyms: turbulence Antonyms: blessing Consequently, the CPC swapped the kind of abrupt, ideologically based upheavals that characterised Mao Zedong’s mass movements from the 1950s to the 1970s, for pragmatic solutions that worked.

25. Catapult (noun) Meaning: a device that can throw objects at a high speed Synonyms: hurtle Antonyms: stationary The December 1978 Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) might sound obscure, but its global repercussions were of seismic proportions. Deng Xiaoping’s series of economic policies, termed “reform and opening up”, went on to catapult China from an agricultural backwater into a manufacturing powerhouse that shapes the world’s economic architecture.

26. Ratification (noun) Meaning: the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid Synonyms: approbate Antonyms: disapprove This is unlike a constitutional amendment under Article 368 that would have required ratification by State legislatures. In other words, if Parliament decides to go ahead with the creation of the AIJS, State legislatures can do nothing to stop the process.

27. Grandeur (noun) Meaning: splendour and impressiveness, especially of appearance or style Synonyms: magnificence Antonyms: dullness First, to be considered a sporting powerhouse, India must leave a mark at the 2020 Olympic Games to convince the world that it takes sports seriously. Second, India has hosted only a handful of multisport events, with none really matching up to the grandeur and scale of the Olympic Games. Hosting multisport events in the coming years may prove to be key in cementing its prowess to pull off the mighty event.

28. Encroachment (noun) Meaning: a gradual advance beyond usual or acceptable limits Synonyms: intrude Antonyms: ignore This is also the right time: across the world, there is an increasingly urgent debate about how to protect basic rights against encroachment by an aggressive and intrusive state, which wields the rhetoric of national security like a sword

29. Staunchest (adjective) Meaning: very loyal and committed in attitude Synonyms: stalwart Antonyms: disloyal The staunchest civil rights advocates will not deny that an individual reasonably suspected of planning a terrorist attack should be placed under surveillance. The debate, therefore, is not about ‘whether surveillance at all’, but about ‘how, when, and what kind of surveillance’

30. Impingement (verb) Meaning: to make an impression; have an effect or impact Synonyms: infringe Antonyms: avoid Any impingement upon the right to privacy must be proportionate. One of the factors of the proportionality standard is that the government’s action must be the least restrictive method by which a state goal is to be realised

31. Ineptly (adverb) Meaning: without skill; lacking qualities (as knowledge, skill, or ability) required to do a job Synonyms: incompetent Antonyms: trained, qualified As for politicians going into the dustbin, the longer you live, the more clearly you learn never, ever, to count on this: a politician isn’t in the trash can till he has left us for the afterlife, and even then, the worst ones have a way of developing this toxic, hovering half ­life, like ineptly decommissioned nuclear plants.

32. Albeit (conjunction) Meaning: though Synonyms: notwithstanding Lies, especially political ones, also come in the shape of actions: you vote for a programme of development and anti­corruption, but you may get a chief minister for whom you did not vote, a man with the narrowly vicious world view of a provincial bigot; you vote for a change from bigotry and nepotism, but you may get a chief minister who people say they have seen leading murderous mobs, albeit three decades ago.

33. Lopsided (adjective) Meaning: with one side lower or smaller than the other. Synonyms: asymmetrical Antonyms: symmetrical, straight But whatever one makes of the government’s defence, the MHA notification lays bare the lopsided character of the surveillance framework in India, and highlights an urgent need for comprehensive reform.