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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction. Section 1: Cellular Growth. Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis. Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation. Cellular Reproduction. Chapter 9. 9.1 Cellular Growth. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume. Cellular Reproduction. Chapter 9. 9.1 Cellular Growth.

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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

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  1. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

  2. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

  3. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • As cell size INCREASES, its volume • INCREASES much faster than its surface area • Two Formulas SA = 2(LW) + 2(LH) + 2(HW) V = L x W x H Example: Cell A: Side= 1mm SA = 6mm2 V = 1mm3 What happens if sides increases to 2mm?

  4. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. • The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

  5. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Transport of Substances • Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. • Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. • Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

  6. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Cellular Communications • The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. • Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

  7. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • Our entire body is made of cells-these are called body cells • Inside each cell is a nucleus (“control center” and inside the nucleus are the chromosomes (bundles of DNA) • How many chromosomes do humans have? • There are 46 chromosomes inside EACH cell • Exception to this rule is the sperm and egg (gametes) only have 23 chromosomes • Cells must reproduce themselves at some point in their life. They do this by dividing in half to produce two new cells.

  8. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle • Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. • It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. • Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

  9. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth • Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. • Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. • Cytokinesisis the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

  10. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Stages of Interphase • The first stage of interphase, G1 • The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. • Cells are performing their assigned tasks, metabolizing, synthesizing, etc.

  11. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Second Stage of Interphase, S • The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division. (DNA synthesizes) • DNA goes from 2 arms to 4 arms

  12. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Third Stage of Interphase, G2 • 2nd growth stage • The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

  13. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis • Mitosis • Body cell reproduction • A cell divides into 2 new “daughter” cells and the cell cycle starts over • Four Stages of Mitosis = PMAT

  14. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The Stages of Mitosis • Prophase • DNA organizes itself • The cell’s chromatin tightens. • Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. • Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

  15. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis • The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. • Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

  16. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Metaphase • Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. • They line up in the middle of the cell.

  17. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase • The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. • The sister chromatids separate. • The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

  18. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase • The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. • Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. • The spindle apparatus disassembles.

  19. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis • Cell membrane moves inward to create TWO daughter cells- each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes • In humans each cell would have 46 chromosomes (diploid amount) • In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. • In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

  20. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle • Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

  21. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Quality Control Checkpoints • The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. • Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

  22. Cellular Reproduction • Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

  23. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Causes of Cancer • The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. • Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

  24. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Apoptosis • Programmed cell death • Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.

  25. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Stem Cells • Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

  26. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Embryonic Stem Cells • An embryo is an organism’s early prebirth stage of development • After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.

  27. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Adult Stem Cells • Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue • Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

  28. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

  29. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CDQ 1 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is the first phase of mitosis? • interphase • prophase • metaphase • telophase

  30. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? • interphase • metaphase • anaphase • telophase

  31. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CDQ 3 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? • cytokinesis • interphase • apoptosis • mitosis

  32. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 1 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? • larger cells • smaller cells • cells with lower surface area to volume ratio • cells shaped like a cube

  33. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 2 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? • cytokinesis • interphase • mitosis • synthesis

  34. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 3 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? • The cell grows and carries out normal functions. • The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. • The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. • The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

  35. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 4 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? • cytokinesis • interphase • mitosis • prophase

  36. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 5 9.2 Formative Questions Which diagram shows anaphase?

  37. Cellular Reproduction A B Chapter 9 FQ 6 9.2 Formative Questions At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. • true • false

  38. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 7 9.3 Formative Questions What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? • chromatin and chromosomes • cyclin and CDKs • microtubules and spindle fibers • protein and ribosomes

  39. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 8 9.3 Formative Questions Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? • chemicals such as asbestos • food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens • tobacco and second-hand smoke • ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

  40. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 9 9.3 Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? • apoptosis • carcinogens • cytokinesis • mitosis

  41. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 10 9.3 Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? • apoptotic cells • cancer cells • prokaryotic cells • stem cells

  42. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CAQ 1 Chapter Assessment Questions This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? • anaphase • interphase • metaphase • telophase

  43. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CAQ 2 Chapter Assessment Questions What term is used to describe programmed cell death? • apoptosis • anaphase • necrosis • cyclins

  44. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CAQ 3 Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of cyclins in a cell? • to control the movement of microtubules • to signal for the cell to divide • to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane • to cause the nucleolus to disappear

  45. Cellular Reproduction A B C C B A Chapter 9 STP 1 Standardized Test Practice Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?

  46. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 2 Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? • G1 • S • G2 • M

  47. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 3 Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? • formation of a cell plate • formation of microtubules • formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell • movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

  48. Cellular Reproduction A B Chapter 9 STP 4 Standardized Test Practice Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. • true • false

  49. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 5 Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? • a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle • a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA • a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis • mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

  50. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 1 cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin

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