Heart Diseases and Disorders

1. Heart Diseases and Disorders

2. Heart Diseases/Disorders Stable angina • chest pain or discomfort that typically occurs with activity or stress • caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium)

3. Heart Diseases/Disorders

4. Heart Diseases/Disorders Unstable angina • may be a prelude to a heart attack • chest pain that is sudden and gets increasingly worse • occurs without cause (for example, it wakes you up from sleep) • lasts longer than 15 - 20 minutes • responds poorly to nitroglycerin • may occur along with a drop in blood pressure or significant shortness of breath

5. Heart Diseases/Disorders • Coronary artery balloon angioplasty

6. Heart Diseases/Disorders Aortic insufficiency • heart valve disease in which the aortic valve weakens or balloons, preventing the valve from closing tightly • leads to the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle

7. Heart Diseases/Disorders Aortic stenosis • aortic valve does not open fully, decreasing blood flow from the heart

8. Heart Diseases/Disorders Arrhythmias • disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm, such as beating too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly • Arrhythmia

9. Heart Diseases/Disorders Cardiomyopathy • weakening of the heart muscle or a change in heart muscle structure • often associated with inadequate heart pumping or other heart function problems • Cardiomyopathy • implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may be needed to prevent sudden death

10. Heart Diseases/Disorders Cardiomyopathy - Causes • Alcoholism and cocaine use • Chemotherapy drugs • Coronary artery disease • End-stage kidney disease • Genetic defects • High blood pressure (hypertension) • Infections due to viruses, HIV, Lyme disease, Chagas disease • Nutritional deficiencies • Pregnancy • Systemic lupus erythematosus

11. Heart Diseases/Disorders Dilated cardiomyopathy • condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and it cannot pump blood efficiently • decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems

12. Heart Diseases/Disorders Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick • thickening makes it harder for blood to leave the heart, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood

13. Heart Diseases/Disorders Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Causes • often asymmetrical, meaning one part of the heart is thicker than the other parts • condition is usually passed down through families • believed to be a result of several defects with the genes that control heart muscle growth • younger people are likely to have a more severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but the condition is seen in people of all ages

14. Heart Diseases/Disorders

15. Heart Diseases/Disorders Ischemic cardiomyopathy • term that doctors use to describe patients who have reduced heart pumping (squeezing) due to coronary artery disease • these patients often have congestive heart failure • "Ischemic" means that an organ (such as the heart) is not getting enough blood and oxygen. "Cardio" means heart and "myopathy" means muscle-related disease.

16. Heart Diseases/Disorders Restrictive cardiomyopathy • refers to a group of disorders in which the heart chambers are unable to properly fill with blood because of stiffness in the heart

17. Heart Diseases/Disorders Congenital heart disease • refers to a problem with the heart's structure and function due to abnormal heart development before birth

18. Heart Diseases/Disorders Congenital heart disease – Causes • most common type of birth defect • responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects • some heal over time, others will require treatment • divided into two types: cyanotic and non-cyanotic

19. Heart Diseases/Disorders Cyanotic: • Tetralogy of Fallot • Transposition of the great vessels • Tricuspid atresia • Total anomalous pulmonary venous return • Truncus arteriosus • Hypoplastic left heart • Pulmonary atresia • Ebstein's anomaly

20. Heart Diseases/Disorders Non-cyanotic • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) • Atrialseptal defect (ASD) • Patent ductusarteriosus (PDA) • Aortic stenosis • Pulmonic stenosis • Coarctation of the aorta • Atrioventricular canal (endocardial cushion defect)

21. Heart Diseases/Disorders • problems may occur alone or together • majority of congenital heart diseases occur as an isolated defect but they can also be a part of various genetic and chromosomal syndromes • Down syndrome • trisomy 13 • Turner syndrome • Marfan syndrome • Noonan syndrome • DiGeorge syndrome.

22. Heart Diseases/Disorders Congestive Heart Failure • condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood throughout the body - doesn’t mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working, just that your heart is not able to pump blood the way it should

23. Heart Diseases/Disorders Congestive Heart Failure • The weakening of the heart's pumping ability causes: • blood and fluid to back up into the lungs • buildup of fluid in the feet, ankles and legs - edema • tiredness, shortness of breath • leading causes: • coronary artery disease • high blood pressure • diabetes

24. Heart Diseases/Disorders Congestive Heart Failure • Treatment: • treat the underlying cause • medicine • heart transplantation (if other treatments fail) • ~ 5 million people in the U.S. have heart failure • contributes to 300,000 deaths each year

25. Heart Diseases/Disorders Coronary heart disease • narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart; also called coronary artery disease. • Coronary Artery Disease

26. Heart Diseases/Disorders Causes of CHD • usually caused by atherosclerosis - fatty material and other substances form a plaque build-up on artery walls, causing them to narrow • blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop • stable angina • shortness of breath • heart attack

27. Heart Diseases/Disorders Endocarditis • inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves • risk factors • injection drug use • prior valve surgery • recent dental surgery • weakened valves • bacterial/fungal infection

28. Heart Diseases/Disorders Heart attack (myocardial infarction) • blood vessels that supply blood to the heart are blocked, preventing enough oxygen from getting to the heart • heart muscle dies or becomes permanently damaged

29. Heart Diseases/Disorders Heart attack (myocardial infarction) • most are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries; if blood flow is blocked, heart starves for oxygen and heart cells die • atherosclerosis: plaque (made up of cholesterol and other cells) builds up in the walls of your coronary arteries

30. Heart Diseases/Disorders Heart attack can occur as a result of the following: • slow buildup of plaque may almost block one of your coronary arteries, preventing flow of oxygen-rich blood; more likely to happen when during exercise • plaque itself develops cracks (fissures) or tears • platelets stick, form a blood clot (thrombus) • blood clot may completely block te passage of oxygen-rich blood to heart

31. Heart Diseases/Disorders Acute Myocardial Infarction

32. Heart Diseases/Disorders Progressive build-up of plaque in coronary artery

33. Heart Diseases/Disorders Heart attack symptoms • Symptoms of a possible heart attack include chest pain and pain that radiates down the shoulder and arm. Some people (the elderly, people with diabetes, and women) may have little or no chest pain. Or, they may experience unusual symptoms (shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness). • Women are more likely than men to have symptoms of nausea, vomiting, back or jaw pain, and shortness of breath with chest pain.

34. Heart Diseases/Disorders Heart attack symptoms

35. Heart Diseases/Disorders Atrialmyxoma • An atrialmyxoma is a noncancerous tumor in the upper left or right side of the heart. It grows on the wall (atrial septum) that separates the two sides of the heart. Causes • A myxoma is a primary heart (cardiac) tumor. This means that the tumor started within the heart. Most heart tumors start somewhere else

36. Heart Diseases/Disorders

37. Heart Diseases/Disorders Mitral regurgitation – acute • mitral valve suddenly does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward (leak) into the upper heart chamber when the left lower heart chamber contracts Mitral regurgitation – chronic • long-term disorder in which mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward (leak) into the upper heart chamber when the left lower heart chamber contracts; progressive condition

38. Heart Diseases/Disorders Mitral stenosis • mitral valve does not open fully, restricting blood flow

39. Heart Diseases/Disorders Mitral valve prolapse • valve does not close properly • Heart valve surgery - series

40. Heart Diseases/Disorders Pulmonary valve stenosis • heart valve disorder that involves the pulmonary valve • stenosis occurs when the valve cannot open wide enough, resulting in less blood flow to the lungs

41. Heart Diseases/Disorders Tricuspid regurgitation • tricuspid valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward (leak) into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts • most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is not damage to the valve itself but enlargement of the right ventricle, which may be a complication of any disorder that causes right ventricular failure

42. Heart Diseases/Disorders