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U.S. Diplomacy:

U.S. Diplomacy:. From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War. Semi Internationalism. Europe: No Strategic Commitment through Versailles or Bilateral Collective Security Arrangements Examples include Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Kellogg-Briand Pact

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U.S. Diplomacy:

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  1. U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War

  2. Semi Internationalism • Europe: No Strategic Commitment through Versailles or Bilateral Collective Security Arrangements Examples include Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Kellogg-Briand Pact • Asia: Dollar Diplomacy and Disarmament: Examples include Washington Naval Pact and Second Banking Consortium

  3. Problems with reparations • Linked to War Guilt Clause (Kriegsschuldfrage) • Reparations Commission sets amount and payments schedule 1921 • Germany makes first payments, then defaults • Belgians and French seize Ruhr area (industrial heartland) • To support population, Weimar Republic turns on the printing presses • Finishes great decade of inflation 1914 4.2 RM = $1 1923 4.2 Billion RM = $1

  4. Implications • French and Belgians enforce the Versailles System • Occupation ended with intercession of Charles Dawes and Dawes Plan • War debts still not forgiven: Europeans link forgiveness of Reparation on War Debts • Furthers radicalization of German politics and further undermines Weimar Republic • Example: Murders of Weimar Ministers by right wing extremists • Example: Middle class proletarianized by inflation

  5. Charles Dawes

  6. Reparations, War Loans American Bonds Snafu

  7. The Washington System in Asia • Washington Naval Conferences, 1921-1922 • Link demilitarization with Open Door and a re-emergence of “dollar diplomacy” • US investment in China and Japan • Supported Japanese Civilian Governments • Problem: Worked so long as American money flowed • Problem: Intersected with Revolution in China

  8. Legacy of World War I in Asia • 1914: Japanese occupy Shandong Peninsula • 1915: 21 Demands • May 4, 1919: News of Versailles settlement reaches China • 1921: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Founded • 1924-1927: First United Front: Guomindong (GMD) and CCP cooperate against foreigners • 1927: Northern Expedition and White Terror • 1934-1935: Long March

  9. The Great Depression • 1927 Tokyo Stock Market Crashes • 1928 Berlin Stock Market Crashes • 1929 New York Stock Market Crashes • 1930-1933 Banking Crises spread world wide

  10. Impacts • In Asia: Down fall of the “Washington System” • Japanese Militarists control government • 1931 Mukden Incident: Manchurian Invasion • New puppet state: Manchukuo • 1936: Xian Incident • 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident: World War II begins in Asia • Rape of Nanjing • 1937-1945: Second United Front

  11. The Beginnings of Co-Prosperity

  12. In Europe • Breakdown of Versailles System • Hitler seizes power 1933 • Hitler moves to overturn Versailles System: Rearmament, leaves the League, Remilitarization of Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, Munich Conference • September 1, 1939: War in Poland

  13. The Versailles System

  14. Hitler’s Revisions to the Versailles System

  15. Vienna Nazis Welcome Hitler

  16. The Realities of Nazi Aggression

  17. American Responses • Economic Nationalism: Fordney-McCumber 1922 and Smoot-Hawley 1930 • No Collective Security Agreements in Europe • Non-Recognition of Japanese Aggression (Stimson Doctrine) • FDR refuses cooperation with London Economic Conference • “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America

  18. American Responses Continued • Nye Committee and Neutrality Legislation, 1934-1937: Cash and Carry, Arms Embargo • FDR Wins Third Term. Pledges to keep America out of the war • 1939-1941: Measures short of war: Peacetime Conscription 1940, renewed 1941 Destroyers for Bases and Lend Lease 1940-1941 (Extended to Russia, June 1941) • Atlantic Charter, August 1941 • Undeclared Naval War v. Germany • War through the back door: Hull-Nomura and Pearl Harbor Fall 1941

  19. Politics of the Second Front • American Strategy: Europe First • Soviet Goals • British Goals • Turning Point: Stalingrad, August 1942-February 1943 • American Fears: Nightmare of a Closed World

  20. World War II in Europe

  21. War Time Conferences • Churchill comes to Washington, 1942 • Teheran 1943: Stalin, FDR, Churchill • Cairo and Quebec: Unconditional Surrender and Morgenthau Plan • Yalta February 1945: Declaration on Liberated Europe • Dumbarton Oakes: United Nations • Breton Woods: World Bank, IMF, GATT Global Economic policy: No more 1930s

  22. Post War Europe

  23. The War in the Pacific • Early Japanese offensives • Early US Victories: Midway and Guadalcanal • Two Plans: Army (MacArthur) v. Navy (King) • Jiang Jieshi and General Joseph Stilwell in China: FDR’s fantasy of Republican China • Island Hopping: Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa • Blockade and bombing: Tokyo February 1945 • The Manhattan Project, Russia enters the war, and Hiroshima

  24. The War in Asia

  25. Ambrose’s Thesis • Where are the soldiers when the shooting stops? Why does this matter?

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