The Crisis of Diplomacy

1. The Crisis of Diplomacy Crisis at the Top, Challenge from Below

2. Traditional Diplomacy • “Diplomacy” has traditionally been an affair of nation states. • interaction - negotiation between “countries” • carried out by professional or appointed specialists • day to day conflicts, or joint problem solving • summit meetings, treaties, declarations of war, etc • In colonial era: Pax Brittanica vs German empire • In post-WWII: Pax Americana vs Soviets, allies

3. Diplomacy in Keynesian State - I • Central role of nationstate in int’l adjustment reinforced role of diplomacy in negotiating distribution of adjustment • E.g., how much a govt in a country running a trade deficit should slow the economy, vs • How much a govt in a country running a trade surplus should stimulate their economy • E.g., US vs Germany • E.g., Negotiation of GATT, etc.

4. Diplomacy in Keynesian State - II • Cold War US vs USSR, Bloc vs Bloc • Bilateralism • Foreign aid, • Military intervention, e.g., Vietnam • Multilateralism: • Public • United Nations, OECD, EC, World Court • Military action: Korean War • Private • Institute for Pacific Relations • Bilderberger Group • Trilateral Commission

5. “Foreign Policy” Making • Central role of nation state has meant necessity in each country for specialized experts in “foreign affairs”, professional elite of specialized experts • e.g., in Europe independent of regime • e.g., in US different teams for different Presidents • Prior to & after WWII in US • A foreign policy “establishment” • self-reproducing elite • without & within govt, moves from one to other

6. The Old Establishment - I • Readings: • Domhoff: “How the foreign policy elite make FP” • Hodgson: “The Establishment” • Hughes: “The Twilight of the Establishment” • Structure: • Private: corporate, gatherings (CFR), institutes (foundations, etc.) • Public: Executive (President, NSC, State Dept) • Pyrimidal: decision makers at top, data gatherers at bottom, sifters & sorters in between • Top defines problems, sets framework & limits spectrum of options (e.g., communism has to be contained, question is how)

7. The Old Establishment - II • Character of members • originally from upper class, int’l business • common education & cultural background • self-selecting, self-reproducing, bipartisan • Common Tendencies (from Hodgson) • Policy: internationalism (against isolationism) • Aspiration: moral & political leadership of world • Instinct: for the center • Technique: work out of public eye, behind closed doors • Basic Goal: Globalization of Western capitalism • Globalization of Keynesian State

8. Crisis of the Establishment • Crisis in US came with Vietnam War • Establishment had had consensus (with a few exceptions) since 1952 NSC Memo on US Policy & Kennan’s “X” article • Grass roots resistance, both in Vietnam & within the US changed balance of costs & benefits • Resistance raised costs tremendously • Benefits from future investment & trade receded • Establishment split over changing policy

9. Hodgson’s Chronology • 1965: (after Tonkin) Acheson & Cutler proposals for settlement (rejected) • 1968: (after Tet) gathering of elitevoted against current policy • 1970: (after invasion of Cambodia) establishment tries to talk to Kissinger, snubbed they spoke out in public • 1971: (after Mansfield Amendment) elite backed commitment • 1971: Bundy critiqued for not recognizing errors • [1971: Ellsberg releases Pentagon Papers, reveals lies]

10. Consequences • Alienation of young from socialization into elite • Decline in popular respect for wisdom of elite • Widespread perception of govt lying to the people • Deligitimazation of Elite, of Presidency • Hughes attributes all this to: • spread of education • spread of public knowledge via media • Feeds “anti-internationalism”

11. Masters of War (1963) Come you masters of war You that built the big guns You that build the death pllanes You that build all the big bombs You that hide behind walls You that hide behind desks I just want you to know I can see through your masks

12. You that never done nothin' But build to destroy You play with my world Like its your little toy You put a gun in my hand And you hide from my eyes And you turn and run farther When the fast bullets fly

13. Like Judas of old You lie and deceive A world war can be won You want me to believe But I see through your eyes And I see through your brain Like I see through the water That runs down my drain

14. You fasten all the triggers For the others to fire Then you set back and watch When the death count gets higher You hide in your mansion As young people's blood Flows out of their bodies And is buried in the mud

15. You've thrown the worst fear That can ever be hurled Fear to bring children Into the world For threatenin' my baby Unborn and unnamed You ain't worth the blood That runs in your veins

16. How much do I know To talk out of turn You might say that I'm young But there's one thing I know Though I'm younger than you Even Jesus would never Forgive what you do

17. You might say I'm unlearned Let me ask you one question Is your money that good Will it buy you forgiveness Do you think that it could I think you will find When your death takes its toll All the money you made Will never buy back your soul

18. And I hope that you die And your death'll come soon I'll follow your casket On a pale afternoon And I'll watch while you're lowered Down to your death bed And I'll stand o'er your grave Till I'm sure that you're dead.

19. Bob Dylan, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, Columbia Records, 1963 (CS 8786)

20. I Ain't Marchin' Anymore (1965) Oh, I marched to the battle of New Orleans At the end of the early British Wars The young land started growin' The young blood started flowin' But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

21. For I killed my share of injuns In a thousand different fights I was there at the Little Big Horn I heard many men a lyin' I saw many more a dyin' But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

22. It's always the old Who lead us to the wars Always the young to fall Now look at all we won With the saber and the gun Tell me is it worth it all?

23. For I stole California From the Mexican land Fought in the bloody civil war Yes, I even killed my brothers And too many others, But I ain't a marchin' anymore.

24. For I marched to the battles of the German trench In a war that was bound to end all wars Oh I musta killed a million men And now they want me back again, But I ain't marchin' anymore.

25. It's always the old Who lead us to the wars Always the young to fall Now look at all we won With the saber and the gun Tell me is it worth it all?

26. For I flew the final mission In the Japanese skies Set off the mighty mushroom roar When I saw the cities burnin' I knew that I was learnin' That I ain't a marchin' anymore.

27. Now the labor leaders' screamin' When they close the missile plants United Fruit screams at the Cuban shore Call it peace, or call it treason Call it love, or call it reason, But I ain't a marchin' anymore, No, I ain't a marchin' anymore.

28. Phil Ochs, There but for Fortune, Electra/Asylum Records, 1989 (960832-2)

29. Kissinger - Establishment Split • Kissinger the establishment man went his own way, cut ties, functional links with establish. • “Lone Ranger” foreign policy • Content critiquedby splinters • Style critiqued by George Ball & others • Alienated foreign allies • Vietnam • China • Ending of Bretton Woods

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