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Organic and Biochemical Compounds

Organic and Biochemical Compounds. Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen

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Organic and Biochemical Compounds

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  1. Organic and Biochemical Compounds

  2. Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides • Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen • Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen Sulfur, and Phosphorus are also found in some organic compounds

  3. Ex:- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic acid, C9H8O4 - sugarless chewing gum has organic compounds, sweeteners : sorbitol C6H14O6 and aspartame C14H18N2O5.

  4. When a compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is called Hydrocarbon • Ex: methane, carbon have 4 valence electrons, each of these electrons forms a different C-H single bond • Carbon atoms can never form more than a total of four covalent bonds in organic compounds

  5. Alkenes- are hydrocarbons that have only single covalent bonds • Methane- CH4 has only C-H bonds • Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C bond in addition to six C-H bonds • Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded carbon atoms, each carbon forms three bonds with three hydrogen atoms

  6. Arrangements of carbon in alkenes: carbon atoms in any alkane with more than 3 carbon atoms can have more than one possible arrangement • Except for cyclic alkenes like cyclohexane, the chemical formula for alkene : CnH2n+2

  7. Alkenes have double C=C bonds

  8. Alkenes are also carbohydrates • They are called like alkanes but with the –ane ending replaced by –ene, they are different because they have at least one double covalent bond: C=C • Ex: - ethene (or ethylene)C2H4 is formed when fruit ripens -propene (or propylene) C3H6 is used to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics

  9. Alcohol have -OH groups (or hydroxyl) • Methanol CH3OH is added to ethanol CH3CH2OH, to make denatured alcohol • Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol : C3H8O or (CH3)2CHOH

  10. DNA inside the cells of your body, rubber, wood , and plastic milk jugs they all are made of large molecules called polymers • Polymer – a large moleule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units

  11. Many polymers have repeating subunits • Poly means “many” • Polyethene = “many ethenes”, in this case C2H4 is called monomer • Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA, protein) others are man-made (plastic or fibers) • The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its structue (ex: if you crush a milk jug, it does not return to its original shape-is not elastic)

  12. Biochemical Compounds • Carbohydrate- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things • Protein-an organic compound that is made of oneor more chains of amino cids and that is a principal component of all cell

  13. Amino acid any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that to form proteins • Ex: insulin • Many proteins are made of thousands of bonded amino acid molecules

  14. DNA- is a polymer with a complex structure • Your DNA- determines your entire genetic makeup • DNA- is it made of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

  15. DNA’s structure resembles a twisted ladder • Attached to each sugar molecule is one of four possible DNA monomers: adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine • Most ccells have a copy of your genetic material in the form of chromosomes made of DNA

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