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Organic compounds

Organic compounds. Organic compounds. Molecules with one or more elements (including H) covalently bonded to carbon Covalent means that atoms share electrons These bonds are fairly strong. Carbon – the backbone for organic molecules. Carbon accounts for much of the mass of living organisms

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Organic compounds

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  1. Organic compounds

  2. Organic compounds • Molecules with one or more elements (including H) covalently bonded to carbon • Covalent means that atoms share electrons • These bonds are fairly strong

  3. Carbon – the backbone for organic molecules • Carbon accounts for much of the mass of living organisms • Why? • Carbon can share electrons with up to four atoms • Can form chains • Chains can lead to complex 3-d shapes • Shape/charge/composition determines function

  4. Functional groups determine behavior of molecules • Charged or uncharged? • Can it dissolve in water? • What will it react with? AN ESTROGEN TESTOSTERONE

  5. Chemical bonds store energy • Making complex molecules takes energy • Breaking complex molecules releases energy • Life’s processes require the building of these molecules (source of energy?) • Some molecules make reactions easier – enzymes

  6. Carbohydrates • Energy/structure • C:H:O – 1:2:1 (CH2O)n • Dissolve in water • Can form rings • Mono-, di-, oligo-, poly-saccharide • Disaccharides can contain different monosaccharides (e.g. sucrose) • Type of bond joining polysaccharides is important (starch vs. cellulose)

  7. Structure of glucose Structure of fructose Formation of a sucrose molecule from two simple sugars glucose fructose + H2O Fig. 3.5, p. 38 sucrose

  8. cellulose amylose (a starch) Fig. 3.7

  9. Lipids • Energy, structure, signaling glycerol Fatty acids Number of double bonds determines packing ability All single = saturated triglyceride

  10. hydrophilic head (orange) lipid bilayer hydrophobic tails water water phospholipids

  11. Amino Acids • Structure (proteins), signaling, enzymes • Simple but variable structure (20 forms in proteins) carboxyl amino

  12. Fig. 3.15, p. 43

  13. Polypeptide chains Primary structure

  14. Polypeptide chains Secondary structure

  15. Polypeptide chains Tertiary structure

  16. Polypeptide chains Quaternary structure

  17. The importance of protein structure • Battling terrorism at grid.org • Smallpox as a terrorist weapon • Vaccination ended in 1972 (world highly susceptible) • Vaccination is possible but has risks • Can researchers block critical proteins produced by the virus? • Which proteins would ‘fit’?

  18. Smallpox at Grid.org • Program takes advantage of unused computer processing power • Compares likely protein candidates with target molecule • Computationally difficult, but millions of computers make one ‘supercomputer’

  19. Nucleotides • Information, coenzymes, short-term energy, signaling • Nucleic acids – single or double stranded polymers of nucleotides • RNA vs. DNA • Different sugar • RNA single stranded • Bases ATP

  20. Why are carbohydrates used for energy in the cell?

  21. Why did biologists in the early part of this century think proteins probably held the genetic code?

  22. Why do some enzymes work better in cold temperatures and others work better in warm temperatures?

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