The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1. The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Birane Ndiaye Mai Nguyen Brian Wada Period 4

2. Renaissance Ideals Humanist Ideology individualism great potential of human beings Study of ancient languages By 1500, virtually all significant ancient Roman and Greek texts were translated and printed �

3. Causes of the Reformation Renaissance Ideals Corruption in the Church John Wycliffe Jan Hus Martin Luther� Ulrich Zwingli

4. John Wycliffe The "Morning Star of the Reformation" Believed in separation of church and state One of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power Advocated the translation of the Bible into the common tongue 1382: Translated the Bible from Latin into the vernacular English

5. Jan Hus Burned at the stake for advocating heretical views of Church theology (Ecclesiology) Heresy was a criminal offense Key predecessor to the Protestant Reformation of the 16th c. Strongly influenced Martin Luther

6. Martin Luther Germanic Monk October 31, 1517: Posted Ninety-Five�Theses on the Power of Indulgences�on the church door at Wittenberg castle attacked the teachings of the Catholic Church condemned the selling of indulgences The Printing Press of Johann Gutenberg helped circulate Luther's theses Translated and published the New Testament in German (1522)

7. Ulrich Zwingli Lived from 1484-1531 in Switzerland Similar views to Luther except that he believed that the Eucharist was completely symbolic Denounced indulgences, the Mass, clerical celibacy, and monasticism Believed that if the Old or New Testament did not explicitly say something, then no Protestant should believe or practice it

8. Corruption in The Church Priests at the parish level were often poor, illiterate, and had vices that broke church doctrine Frequent crimes of the clergy: Pluralism: holding more than one position in the church Absenteeism: seldom or never residing in the place of their position, often because they held too many positions Simony: buying or selling of church offices Nepotism: giving church positions to family members or friends Restricted usury but sold indulgences

9. Indulgences Indulgences: papal pardons for sins People would give money to the Church to be granted forgiveness of a sin or to guarantee the passing of the soul of a loved one into heaven Pope Leo X allowed mainly Friar John Tetzel to sell indulgences to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica

10. The Reformation

11. Beginnings in Germany by Luther �

12. Spread of Reformation

13. Diet of Worms January 28 - �May 25, 1521: The Imperial Estates of the HRE meet in a series of diets (or Reichstags) to discuss Martin Luther and the affects of the Protestant Reformation The Hapsburgs tells Luther to take back his teachings --> Luther refuses Emperor Charles V writes the Edict of Worms, excommunicating Luther

14. Edict of Worms (May 25, 1521)

15. Lutheranism & Protestantism Salvation by faith alone,�not by good works Sola Scriptura: the word of God (the Bible) was the highest and final authority God initiates salvation; people could not choose to be saved People are saved by God's arbitrary decision Good works and sacraments do not earn salvation

16. Lutheranism & Protestantism (cont.) New view on baptism Opposed transubstantiation, promoted consubstantiation Consubstantiation: the body and blood of Christ are spiritually present "in, with, and under the forms" of the bread and wine after consecration but the bread and wine are not physically transformed The Heidelberg Catechism (1563): a complete Protestant confessional document teaching Reformed Christian doctrine

17. Luther's Baptism Baptism "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this, as the words and promises of God declare." A "means of grace" through which God creates and strengthens "saving faith" Adults can be baptized too, to be reborn

18. Peasant's Revolt Peasants in the Germanic territories faced economic hardships Peasant War (1524-1525): a petition by the German peasants to the HRE. The peasants asked the HRE to�abolish "cattle tithes," abolish the death tax,�preserve all "common fields, forests and waters" for use by the peasants, and�allow peasants to hunt on the common lands and fish in the common waters The HRE ignored the peasants' petition, sparking rebellion in the German provinces Peasants burned more than 40 German monasteries and castles Luther did not support the rebellion

19. Anabaptist Begins in 1525 Believed in adult baptism, pacifism, polygamy, the denial of civic responsibility and the rejection of a "state church" Greatly hated by Catholics and Lutherans� Viewed as dangerous and widely attacked

20. Calvinism John Calvin (1509-1564) wrote�Institutes of the Christian Religion�(1536) Agreed with Luther's theory of salvation by faith, not works Viewed the Eucharist as completely symbolic Believed in predestination Rejected all rituals and adornments founded the reformed church in Geneva Calvinism spread throughout Europe

21. The Peace of Augsburg September 25, 1555 Established Cuius regio, eius religion ("Whose realm, his religion"): each Germanic prince was allowed to choose the religion for their individual area Basically legalized Lutheranism Did not accept Calvinism

22. English Reformation Politically motivated Lollards were early followers of Lutheranism Henry VIII wanted the Pope to grant him divorce so he could produce an heir but the Pope refused England broke from the Catholic Church (1534) Anglicanism

23. English Reformation (cont.) 1534: Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy The King of England is the head of the new Church of England King Henry VIII's three children: Edward VI: Protestant Tudor Mary (Bloody Mary): Roman Catholic Elizabeth I: Politique Protestant

24. Social Impacts of the Reformation Protestants established schools to teach the Bible to all children Women gained more rights because Luther said that all vocations had equal merit before God Prostitution increased as a declaration of a woman's independence The home became the center of morals and gentler virtues

25. Summary of Catholic vs. Protestant Beliefs Catholic �Salvation by faith and works Seven Sacraments Latin Vulgate = the only acceptable scripture translation Transubstantiation Indulgences, relics, saints, pilgrimages Religious hierarchy Union of Church and State Protestant Salvation by faith alone Predestination (Calvinism) Supported only 2 or 3 Sacraments Vernacular Scripture Consubstantiation (Lutheranism) and Calvinist view on the Eucharist "Priesthood of all believers" - everyone is equal before God No celibacy

26. The Counter-Reformation �

27. Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church's attempt to counter the Protestant movement 1534: Paul III becomes Pope & Loyola founds the Jesuits Council of Trent (1545-1563): held to reaffirm and refocus Catholic doctrine Forbade the sale of indulgences, pluralism, and simony Justification by faith and works Confirmation of the seven sacraments; belief in transubstantiation Vulgate Bible Clerical celibacy Retention of pilgrimages, saints, pilgrimages, monasticism, indulgences, and relics http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FC0EBC1E-2124-4F85-B467-96A26D320156&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

28. Counter-Reformation (cont.) The Catholic Church found new seminaries to redeem their teaching Ignatius Loyola's Jesuits (Society of Jesus) sought missionary endeavors, traveling to colonies to convert natives 1580: Restoration of the Roman Catholic Church in England under Queen Tudor Mary I (Bloody Mary) Index: list of prohibited books

29. Roman Inquisition a revival of the medieval court that tried heretics and punished the guilty, sanctioned by the Church simony and indulgences uprooted standardized worship reorganized church law new educational requirements for priests reformed orders scrutinized clergy�

30. Baroque Art From Portugues "barocca" (irregular-shaped pearl) Extravagant, dramatic style Emotional and impressive Catholic Church supported Baroque art in its Cathedrals Artistic expression of Christ, Virgin Mary and saints to promote piety Adoration, Peter Paul Rubens Trevi Fountain�in�Rome

31. The Religious Wars(1559-1684) Hapsburg-Valois War (c. 15119-1559): mostly political and over territory between different religions Spain's Catholic Crusade to re-establish Catholicism in Europe under King Philip II Dutch revolt in the Netherlands: for Calvinism and against the Spanish Inquisition. United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) created in 1581 English vs. Spain (1558-1588): Elizabeth I restored Protestantism to England and denied Spanish Philip II Spanish Armada is crushed, marking Spain's decline

32. The Religious Wars (cont.)(1559-1684) �French Civil Wars to claim Henry II's throne (the era of Catholic Catherine de Medici in France) St. Bartholomew Day Massacre (August 24, 1572): Catherine de Medici ordered 20,000 Huguenots killed Initiated the War of the Three Henrys: between Valois, Guise and Bourbons Catholic Henry IV or France brings the era of Politiques "Paris is worth a mass" Religious rights granted to Huguenots and private Calvinists

33. Murder of Gaspard de Coligny

34. One morning at the gates of the Louvre, by ��douard Debat-Ponsan

35. The Thirty Years' War�(1618-1648) Location: The Holy Roman Empire Originally religious, then became political Four major phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French Phases

36. Four Phases of the 30 Years' War Bohemian Phase: Protestant vs. Catholic forces. Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia Danish Phase: Edict of Restitution (1629) allowed Huguenots to worship privately Swedish Phase: mostly political. Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus forced Catholicism back into Bohemia, though short-lived. The Swedish army is defeated and the Holy Roman Empire annuls the Edict of Restitution French Phase: "International Phase." Cardinal Richelieu allies with the Protestants and they defeat the Holy Roman Empire

37. Peace of Westphalia May 15, 1648 Ended the Thirty Years' War and Catholic reformation in Germany Renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added tolerance of Calvinism Guaranteed the political and religious division of Germany/the HRE The Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence from Spain (ended their 80 Years' War) Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs weakened France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territory

38. Results of the Thirty Years' War German population is destroyed (1/3 perishing) The Holy Roman Empire falls Marks the beginning of France's rise to world power and Great Britain's and the Netherlands' rise also

39. Decentralization of Central Europe

40. English Civil War(1642-1651) Between Parliament (Roundheads) and Royalists, or supporters of King Charles I & II (Cavaliers) King Charles I believed in "Divine Right" and in the Anglican Church Charles I dissolved Parliament Roundheads/New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell Charles I loses in 1649 and is beheaded in 1649

41. Works Cited http://www.reformation.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_civil_war http://history-world.org/reformation_and_counter_reformat.htm http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/martin-luther.html http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM http://www.pipeline.com/~cwa/TYWHome.htm http://www.unitedstreaming.com