The Counter-Reformation

1. The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church’s series of reforms in response to the Spread of Protestantism

2. Early Reformer’s • Monk Girolamo Savonarola (1400’s) (sahv-oh-nuh-Roh-luh) • Tried to Change church from within • Wanted church to melt gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor of the church

3. Monk Savonarola • Convinced people of the church to burn their jewelry • Know as “bonfire of the vanities” • Pope Alexander allowed bonfire at first • Felt threatened and excommunicated Savonarola • Savonarola was executed in Florence in 1498

4. The Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 • Former Solider and Basque Noble • Approved by pope in 1539 • Ran like a military organization • Emphasized obedience to the church • Established schools, universities • Education was Jesuits main counter to the Protestants, and was successful

5. The Jesuits • By 1700 Jesuits operated 669 Colleges across Europe and in Asia • Italy, Germany, India, Japan, China • Many leaders and future leaders schooled at Jesuits universities • Caused some religious influence over politics

6. The Council of Trent • Convened by Pope Paul III (3rd) 1545-1563 • All church leaders met with the purpose of defining the Catholic doctrines. • Attempt to dismiss any claims made by the Protestant Reformation • Some things changed • Abolished the selling of indulgences • Training of the priest was regulated • Corrupt Clergy was addressed

7. The Council of TrentAttacks Protestants • Rejected protestants emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith • Argued the church helped believers achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith. • Church still had millions of followers • The actions by the catholic church gave a strong reinforcement of the catholic faith • Austria and Poland join the church again

8. Reforming Catholics • Charles Boromeo (bohr-roh-May-oh) • Archbishop of Milan 1560-1584 • Built new schools to educate priest • Francis of Sales of France • District of Savoy became Calvinist • Francis worked to reclaim district through missionary work • Founded religious teaching orders for women

9. Women and the Church • 1535 Italian Nun Angela Merici began the Company of Saint Ursula • Order of women dedicated to teaching girls • Jane of Chantal and Francis of Sales • Confounded the visitation of Holy Mary order • Trained women to be teachers • Mary Ward of England • Network of schools throughout Europe • At first rejected by the Jesuits because ideas were new later accepted

10. Women and the Church • Teresa of Avila • Born in Spain in 1515 • Nun at age 20; ran away to covenant in 1536 • Covenant practices to lax, set her own guidelines • Fasting, sleep, prayer • Church allowed Teresa to change Carmelite order • She claims she saw Jesus

11. Church Court • Inquisition established in Rome in 1542 • Pope increased the power of the court • Tried anyone accused of practicing Protestantism • Witchcraft • Breaking church law • Spanish Inquisition established in 1478 • Imposed religion uniformity over Jews, Muslims, and Protestants • Index of Forbidden Books • List of books forbidden to read. If read souls would be lost • Would torture an execute violators. • Still seen as abuse of power.

12. Religious and Social Effects • Catholics persecuted non-Catholics and non-Catholics persecuted Catholics. • All new factions against each other • Lutherans denounced Anabaptist and Zwingli’s • Calvinist denounced Lutherans • Everyone viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics • 1492 Jews and Muslims forced to convert to Catholicism or were exiled from Spain.

13. Outcast • Jews resettles in eastern and southern Europe. • If allowed to stay, they were forced to live in ghetto’s • Ghettos: Walled or gated communities that were closed or opened at specific times of the day. • Witchery: Work done with the devil • Witches killed cattle and children • Blamed for times of bad harvest • Penalized by death • 1580-1600 1000 people executed. Most were poor women

14. Church losing power • Catholic Church power was on the decline and Nationalism was on the rise • Protestants encouraged formation of independent states and nations • Merchants and rulers wanted less church involvement • Even though separated, churches and governments would “align” to help maintain control of a region

15. War • Italian Wars • In 1494 King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy • War between Spain and France to control Italy • Ended in 1527 with the Sac of Rome by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Spaniard • Positive: Renaissance Idea’s continued to spread

16. War in Germany • Growing Population and Renaissance ideas and the Reformation promoting “freedom” peasants unhappy • Peasants were highly taxed and had no power • 1524 10,000 peasants stormed castles and monasteries • Known as Peasants’ War • Nobles harshly suppressed the uprising • Lutherans were blamed for stirring the pot. Denied any involvement. • 1546 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V went to war against Lutheran princes of Germany • Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555. Chose either Catholic or Lutheranism

17. France • Huguenots and Protestants fought against Catholics • Henry Navarre (leader) converted to Catholic. Became King • Gained support from Catholics • 1598 Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants.