Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review

Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review Exam May 29th-May 30th Questions 1-13 2013

What is on the Exam? 18questions from SC.912.E.6.1-5 (earth structure, plate movement, rock cycle, energy) 27questions from SC.912.E.7.1-9 (atmosphere, oceans, weather, climate) 5 questions from Nature of Science 5questions from the first semester exam 55 TOTAL(multiple choice)

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • Name the layers of the Earth.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • Describe the composition of each of the Earth’s layers. Fe – Iron S – Sulfur Mg – Magnesium Al – Aluminum Si – Silicon O - Oxygen

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • Describe the composition of each of the Earth’s layers. • Oceanic crust is composed entirely of basalt rocks. Continental crust, on the other hand, is made primarily of less dense rock such as granite. • A less dense and much larger middle sphere is made of materials rich in iron, magnesium and calcium comprises the mantle. • At the center of the Earth, a body of intensely hot iron and nickel forms the core.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • Explain the interactions that take place between the different layers of the Earth (core and mantle, mantle, crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere). Heat from the Inner and Outer Core move through the layers of the earth and that energy is released through the crust in several ways. ULTIMATELY, THE MAIN SOURCE FOR EARTH’S INTERIOR IS THE HEAT GENERATED BY DECAYING ELEMENTS AND FRICTION.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • Explain the interactions that take place between the different layers of the Earth (core and mantle, mantle, crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere).

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.1: Describe and differentiate the layers of the Earth and the interactions among them. • What is the energy source that drives the movement of the Earth’s plates? Plates at our planet’s surface move because of the intense heat in the Earth’s core that causes molten rock in the asthenosphere to move. It moves in a pattern called a convection cell that forms when warm material rises, cools, and eventually sink down. As the cooled material sinks down, it is warmed and rises again. (Mantle Convection=Slab Pull and Ridge Push)

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What is the difference between chemical and physical weathering?

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What is the difference between chemical and physical weathering? Geologists recognize two categories of weathering processes : Physical Weathering - disintegration of rocks and minerals by a physical or mechanical process. THIS HAPPENS GRADUALLY OVER A LONG TIME PERIOD. Chemical Weathering - chemical alteration or decomposition of rocks and minerals. When iron rich minerals oxidize, they produce the familiar red color found in rust. Abrasion makes rocks with sharp or jagged edges smooth and round. If you have ever collected beach glass or cobbles from a stream, you have witnessed the work of abrasion .

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What will occur when water and limestone interact? About 10% of the earth's land (and 15% of the United States) surface consists limestone which is known for its durability and resistance to exposure, and is therefore especially popular in architecture. When limestone interacts with underground water, the water dissolves the limestone to form karst topography in which the landscape is largely shaped by the dissolving action of water on carbonate bedrock. This geological process, occurring over thousands of years, results in unusual surface and underground features ranging from sinkholes, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs, to complex underground drainage systems and caves.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What will occur when water and limestone interact? Limestone is primarily solid CaCO3 . All types of limestone begin with dissolved calcium carbonate, CaCO3, which is contained in most fresh water and in sea water. Limestone Slowly Dissolves in Rain Rain contains dissolved carbon dioxide, CO2 . As rainwater containing dissolved CO2 trickles through the ground, it reacts with the calcium carbonate of limestone. The product of this reaction is calcium hydrogecarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2. Calcium hydrogen carbonate dissolves easily in the water and washes away.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What are the primary agents of physical erosion and how do they change the surface of the Earth? Erosion - The movement of weathered material from the site of weathering. Primary force is gravity, but gravity acts in concert with running water. As the volume of water increases the amount of erosion that takes place also increases (direct relationship)

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • What is the relationship between volume of water passing through an area and the amount of erosion that takes place? • Erosion is a natural process which is usually made by rock and soil being loosened from the earth's surface at one location and moved to another. • Erosion changes the landscape by wearing down mountains, filling in valleys, and making rivers appear and disappear. • It is usually a slow and gradual process that occurs over thousands or millions of years. • But erosion can be speeded up by such human activities as farming and mining.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • Describe several ways in which rock layers can be dated. Relative Dating • Law of Superposition- states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older that the one above it and younger than the one below it. • Principle of Original Horizontality – means that layers of sediments are generally deposited in a horizontal position. Absolute Dating • Radiometric dating- is based on the constant rate of decay of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials are isotopes that are unstable; the radioactivity refers to the particles and energy released by these materials as they revert to stable isotopes.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • Describe the steps of the rock cycle and the types of rocks that are created during each process. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM INSIDE THE EARTH.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.2: Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. • Describe the steps of the rock cycle and the types of rocks that are created during each process.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.3: Analyze the scientific theory of plate tectonics and identify related major processes and features as a result of moving plates. • Explain Wegener’s theory of continental drift. • Stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent. He called this supercontinent Pangea, meaning all land.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.3: Analyze the scientific theory of plate tectonics and identify related major processes and features as a result of moving plates. • What is the difference between Wegener’s theory of continental drift and the current theory of plate tectonics? • The main difference is that Wegener was not able to explain the mechanisms of plate movements, while today’s theory of plate tectonics states that the uppermost mantle along with the overlying crust, behaves as a strong, rigid layer. This layer is known as the asthenosphere. The unequal distribution of heat within the Earth causes the thermal convection in the mantle that ultimately drives the plates motion.

Benchmark SC.912.E.6.3: Analyze the scientific theory of plate tectonics and identify related major processes and features as a result of moving plates. (Questions 12-13) • Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. (Q. 13 – also answered following slides) Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Three Types of Boundaries • Convergent • Plates move towards each other • Divergent • Plates move away from each other • (CAN FORM RIFT VALLEYS) • Transform Boundaries • Plates move past each other

12.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. b) Convergent Boundaries Oceanic Plates collide with continental plates Continental Plates collide with other continental plates Ocean Plates collide with other ocean plates

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. Ocean-Continent Collision Ocean crust dips below continental (SUBDUCTION) due to the difference in density. Effects – Trenches and Volcanic Arc

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. Nazca/South American Plate This ocean/continent converging helps shape the Andes Mountains in South America and the Peru-Chile trench. MOUNTAINS ARE CONTINUALLY FORMING AND WEARING AWAY.

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. Continent to Continent Converging • The plates collide and get pushed upward, creating mountains. Effects – Creates Complex Mountains

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. The Himalayas (Continent to Continent Converging)

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. Ocean to Ocean Converging • One oceanic plate is subducted under another. Effects – Deep ocean trenches, Under water volcanoes, Chain of volcanic structure that become islands.

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. The Mariana Trench

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • The Mariana Trench

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Divergent Boundary

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Divergent Boundary in Iceland

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Sea Floor Spreading and Ocean Ridges

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Divergent Boundary

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Transform Boundary Two plates slide horizontally past each other along a surface called a “transform fault” Between Pacific Plate and North American Plate in California This type of boundary is often associated with earthquakes

12./13.Describe the 4 types of interactions that can take place between tectonic plates. Explain the different land features that result at each type of plate boundary. • Transform Boundary

Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review