Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review

1. Earth Space Honor End of Course Exam Review Questions 45-55 2013

2. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.6: Relate the formation of severe weather to the various physical factors. 45. How can wind speed and direction be predicted using a weather map? • Closely spaced isobars mean higher wind speed due to rapid pressure changes (differences). • Low pressure will have winds moving toward the Low • High pressure systems will have winds moving outward.

3. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.6: Relate the formation of severe weather to the various physical factors. 46. What are the factors necessary for a hurricane to form? Describe the structure of a hurricane.  Heat and moisture are necessary for hurricane formation. This usually occurs near the equator toward the end of summer when the ocean has reached a high temperature.

4. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.6: Relate the formation of severe weather to the various physical factors. 47. If Earth’s average temperature increases (global warming), what will be the impact on severe weather events such as hurricanes? If the average temperature of the Earth increases it will allow the oceans to become warmer. If there is warmer water and higher atmospheric energy levels it would increase the incidence of hurricane formation. Oceans store and transfer more heat than land does!

5. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.7: Identify, analyze, and relate the internal (Earth system) and external (astronomical) conditions that contribute to global climate change. • 48. What is the relationship between greenhouse gases, global warming and global climate change? • Greenhouse gases absorb heat in the atmosphere. Extra heat in the atmosphere leads to global warming which is an increase the average temperature world-wide. And global climate change is when the climates that define an area of latitude are shifted to higher or lower latitudes.

6. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.7: Identify, analyze, and relate the internal (Earth system) and external (astronomical) conditions that contribute to global climate change. • 49. Give specific examples of how changes in each of Earth’s systems (exosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere) can influence the climate of Earth. • Exosphere-- • Hydrosphere—affects the precipitation in an area. • Geosphere—land heats and cools faster than water. Mountains can have an orographic effect on areas. • Biosphere—vegetation affects temperature and precipitation. Humans and cows increase greenhouse gases through factories and flatulence. • Cryosphere—ice sublimates into the atmosphere, and effects ocean levels which can change ocean currents.

7. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.9: Cite evidence that the ocean has had a significant influence on climate change by absorbing, storing, and moving heat, carbon, and water. • 50. Compare the influence of large land areas (continents) and large bodies of water (oceans) on weather and climate.  Compare the influence of altitude and latitude on weather and climate. • Large bodies of water have an insulating effect on windward cities. The water takes longer to cool down so it stays warm into the winter (mild winters for the city), and takes longer to warm up in the summer (cooler summers for the city). The range of temperatures is much smaller for this windward city. By comparison, cities that are influenced by large areas of land have colder winters and hotter summers.

8. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.9: Cite evidence that the ocean has had a significant influence on climate change by absorbing, storing, and moving heat, carbon, and water. • 50. Compare the influence of large land areas (continents) and large bodies of water (oceans) on weather and climate.  Compare the influence of altitude and latitude on weather and  climate. Temperatures show that areas near oceans are warmer in the winter. Areas surrounded by land get colder in the winter. CLOUDS INSULATE THE PLANET!

9. Benchmark SC.912.E.7.9: Cite evidence that the ocean has had a significant influence on climate change by absorbing, storing, and moving heat, carbon, and water. • 50. Compare the influence of large land areas (continents) and large bodies of water (oceans) on weather and climate.  Compare the influence of altitude and latitude on weather and climate. • As the latitude increases, the angle of the sun’s rays is more indirect, and the climate is cooler. • As altitude increases in the troposphere, the temperature decreases.

10. SC.912. N: Nature of Science Review 51. What is the difference between • A problem statement and a hypothesis? • Problem statement defines the problem that scientists are trying to solve. • A hypothesis is what scientists predict to be the outcome of an experiment. • An independent(test) and a dependent(outcome) variable. • Independent(test) variable is what is changed • Dependent(outcome) variable is what is measured • Reliable data and replicable data • Data that is reliable is accurate and makes sense. More that one trial shows that the data is correct. • Data that is replicable is able to be obtained in multiple trials. This can be done more than once correctly.

11. SC.912. N: Nature of Science Review 52. Explain the role of models in science; give benefits and limitations of specific models. Models allow us to study an object that is too big or too small to study directly. For example: atoms are too small to study in the classroom;the solar system is way too big to fit into the classroom. We use the models of an atom and the solar system to understand their components. Using models we can predict how an object behaves, but the models are not a perfect representation so it is never exactly the same.

12. SC.912. N: Nature of Science Review 53. What is the difference between theories and laws? Cite specific examples. Theories are well tested explanations of nature. (Theory of Plate Tectonics describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.) There needs to be a lot of data to make a theory, one test is NOT enough! A law is a descriptive account of how nature will behave under certain conditions. (1st Law of Motion states that an object in motion will stay in motion, and an object at rest will stay at rest.)

13. SC.912. N: Nature of Science Review 54. Cite specific examples that show how scientific knowledge is durable because it is open to change. • If there is evidence that disproves an accepted idea, the evidence is investigated, discussed, and voted upon. • For example: the definition of planet set in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) states that, in the Solar System, a planet is a celestial body which: is in orbit around the Sun, has sufficient mass to assume a nearly round shape, and has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit. Since Pluto has not cleared its orbit, it was down-graded to a dwarf planet.

14. SC.912. N: Nature of Science Review 54. How do scientists use data from today to apply to past events? This is usually an application of current ideas to understanding past events. Example: “Elephants used to be smaller than they are today. There was probably less food available for them then.” This would not be used to determine the following: “A rat is a mammal in the USA, so a rat is also a mammal in Australia” “The atmosphere contains 21% oxygen today, so it probably had 21% oxygen 4 billion years ago.”

15. Information to Review from First Semester 55a. Graphing Data A graph that has a constant rate is a straight line. For example: Hours of sun:12 24 36 48 Amount of growth (cm): 1 2 3 4 A graph that has a increasing/decreasing rate is a curved line. For example: Hours of sun:12 24 36 48 Amount of growth (cm): 1 2 4 8

16. Information to Review from First Semester 55b. What are the two factors that influence the force of gravity? Apply this to various objects in our solar system. The two factors that influence the force of gravity are MASS AND DISTANCE. The larger something is, the more gravitational force it has. The closer an object it to another the stronger the pull of gravity. Examples: The moon has more effect on the tides than the sun because it is closer to the Earth. Larger planets have more gravitational force and therefore have more moons.

17. Information to Review from First Semester 55c. Review Kepler’s Laws: 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. 2. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time (each planet moves faster when it is closer to the sun). 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit (planets that are closer to the sun have shorter revolutions).

18. Information to Review from First Semester 55d. What units are used to measure distances in space? Be able to use these in simple mathematical problems. • How many Km’s are in 1 AU? • How many AU’s are in a light year? • How many light years are in 1 parsec? • 1 AU≈150,000,000 km • 63240 AU≈1 light year • 3.26 light years≈1 parsec

19. Information to Review from First Semester 55e. Review relative Sun, Earth, and Moon positions as they relate to seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides. As the earth revolves and rotates around the sun the tilt of the earth creates direct and indirect sunlight on the Earth. The parts of the Earth that receive direct sunlight are hotter than the parts that receive the indirect sunlight. If you are experiencing winter than you are tilted away from the sun and are receiving indirect sunlight. If you are experiencing summer than you are tilted towards the sun and are receiving direct sunlight If it is winter in the northern hemisphere then it is summer in the southern hemisphere The more direct sunlight you receive the more hours of daylight you will get in one day The distance the Earth is from the sun does not affect the seasons

20. Information to Review from First Semester 55f. Review relative Sun, Earth, and Moon positions as they relate to seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides.

21. Information to Review from First Semester 55g. Review relative Sun, Earth, and Moon positions as they relate to seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides. Moon Phases 

22. Information to Review from First Semester 55h. Review relative Sun, Earth, and Moon positions as they relate to seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides. Solar Eclipse When the moon moves in a line directly between Earth and the Sun, it casts a dark shadow on Earth. This produces a solar eclipse. This situation occurs during new moon phases. (Order…Sun-Moon-Earth)

23. Information to Review from First Semester 55i. Review relative Sun, Earth, and Moon positions as they relate to seasons, moon phases, eclipses, and tides. Lunar Eclipse When the moon moves within Earth’s shadow, it produces a lunar eclipse. They are a result of the motion of the moon and the sunlight that is reflected from the surface. Occurs only during a full moon. (Order Sun-Earth-Moon)