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AP EURO Chapter 18. WWII 1939-1945. Road To WWII. Versailles Treaty (WWI) the source of all of Germany’s economic troubles. Map of Europe after 1919. Hitler’s Goals:. 1. To bring German speaking “Volk” (people) together as a single nation
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AP EURO Chapter 18 WWII 1939-1945
Road To WWII • Versailles Treaty (WWI) the source of all of Germany’s economic troubles Map of Europe after 1919
Hitler’s Goals: • 1. To bring German speaking “Volk” (people) together as a single nation • 2. Lebensraum – the need for more “living space” • 3. Removal of “undesirables” • 4. Territorial Expansion
Hitler “Re-armed” Germany • 1. 1935 formed German air force LUFTWAFFE • 2. Conscription (draft) • League of Nations condemned act, but did nothing
Benito Mussolini Invaded • Ethiopia , on OCT. 1935 • Excuse: To avenge defeat in 1896 • Logic: wanted to “restore” Roman imperial glory • Wanted to Prove himself
Spanish Civil War, 1936 • Italy & Germany Provide • Fascist General Francisco Franco • W/ weapons, supplies, troops • Franco gains power 1939
Rome –Berlin Axis, 1936 • Mussolini & Hitler’s informal alliance
Hitler Invaded… • (1.) The Rhineland, 1936 • Region between Germany & France • “lebensraum” policy began
Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937 • Alliance formed between : Germany, Italy, Japan • Pledged to oppose international communism
Anschluss with Austria, 1938 • The “union” of Germany & Austria • Violation of Treaty of Versailles • Czechoslovakia was now threatened
Munich Conference, Sept.1938 • Hitler Threatens to invade Czechoslovakia • French, Russians, British warn Hitler • They will support Czechs…
Hitler Invaded… • Sudentenland 1938 (Czechoslovakia)
Nazi- Soviet Pact, 1939 • Stalin (U.S.S.R.) Signed non-aggression pact with Hitler (Germany)
Hitler Invaded…(Cont’d) • Poland Sept. 1st, 1939 • Great Britain & France declared war on Germany • WWII officially began on this date
Poland • invaded by Germans from the West • Invaded by Soviet Union from the East • Poland divided between the two
Why Didn’t Anyone Stop Hitler Prior To Sept. 1st 1939? • The “Appeasement” Policy: • Allowing aggressors to have what they want… • In the hope they will demand no more
“Blitzkrieg” • The German military strategy “Lightning Warfare” • Brutal surprise attacks by the • “Luftwaffe” – German air force • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUjrnlMAtQ4
American “Neutrality” 1939 • Neutrality Act of 1939 • U.S. neutrality in name, not in deed. • Allowd for sale of U.S. weapons/supplies to European allies on a • 1. “Cash-and-Carry” basis • 2. Destroyers for Bases deal
Tripartite Pact • 1940 An Alliance between Germany, Japan, Italy
2 Sides • ALLIES: • 1. Great Britain • 2. France • 3. U.S. (joined 1941) • 4. Soviet Union (joined 1941 After Hitler betrayed Stalin) • AXIS POWERS: • 1. Germany • 2. Italy • 3. Japan
(1940) Meanwhile, Hitler… • Invaded and conquered Northern Europe • Denmark, Norway April,1940
(1940) Hitler Invaded :… • Belgium • Netherlands • Luxembourg • May, 1940
And Conquered France! • Germans attacked May 10, 1940 • France surrendered June 22, 1940 • Defeat of France shocked the world
Battle of Britain • Great Britain bombed Aug. 1940 • 1 night- 70,000 fire bombs dropped • London bombed every night for 2 months!
Battle of Britain • Much of London destroyed • 15,000 civilian casualties • British won… barely • “Operation Pied Piper” – British children were sent to the countryside for safety reasons
Battle of Britain in Film: The Chronicles of Narnia • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ6exK876G0
Peter Pan 2: Return to Neverland (2002) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4SAD81xrVc
Yes, This is a WWII Reference • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrHkKXFRbCI
Operation Barbarossa, 1941 • Hitler Betrayed Stalin! • And invaded the Soviet Union in June! • And then winter began… • Soviet Union won.. barely
Soviet “Night Witches” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FkoDM9bFXU • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9zjrkUGE-o
Holocaust • 1941 – “Final Solution” • extermination of Jews, people of color, Gypsies, Clergy, disabled • Gestapo = secret police arrest opponents of Hitler
Concentration Camps • 1941-1942- transported to concentration camps • Largest: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland • 6 Million Jews Killed, 6 Million Non- Jews Killed
Persecution of Gypsies • Roma People from various parts of Europe • 250,000 – 500,000 Died in the Holocaust
American President Roosevelt • Froze Japanese assets in U.S. • Restricted oil exports to Japan • Placed embargo on sale of scrap iron to Japan • In response to Japanese aggression in Asia
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • December 7, 1941 • Japanese planes attack American fleet • 2,400 die • 1,200 wounded • U.S. officially joined WWII in 1941 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBdIR7_B3JA
The “Big Three” • “Big Three”= • 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.), • 2. Winston Churchill (Great Britain), • 3. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) • Agreed to defeating Hitler & Axis Powers • Agreed on Allied Policy
“Operation Overlord” – “D-DAY”, 1944 • Turning point in war • 176,000 Allied Soldiers • British, Canadian, American Troops • 600 warships, 10,000 aircraft • Landed in… • Normandy, France • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cGuB-OWR0g
“D-Day” June 6, 1944 • Allies Launched “amphibious” offensive against German army • Allies won – German troops forced to retreat August. 25
Allies Arrived in Germany, 1945 • British & American Air forces bombed urban centers • Concentration camps liberated in Spring 1945
Yalta Conference, 1945 • “The Big 3” discussed postwar aftermath • Winston Churchill ( (Great Britain) • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) • Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.) • Conference began Feb 4, 1945
Yalta Conference, 1945 • Agreed to divide Germany 4 Zones: • Soviets would control east, • U.S., Great Britain, France would control western Germany • Berlin, Germany = joint occupation • Germany to pay $20 billion in war reparations
FDR’S Death • American President Franklin D. Roosevelt • Died Suddenly April, 1945 • V.P. Harry Truman Became American President
The End of WWII • Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 • Nazis surrendered in May 7, 1945 • Was the war over? Only in Europe • Japan did not surrender until September, 1945 after U.S. Dropped 2 atomic bombs in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)
WWII Aftermath… • 55-60 Million People died • Half were civilians (Holocaust, Atomic bomb) • 2007 Population in California : 38 Million • “Crimes against humanity” enters vocabulary – refers to atrocities committed by Nazis
WWII Explained in Seven Minutes • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvDFsxjaPaE
1. Two World Powers Emerged After WWII • United States • And… • The Soviet Union
2. The Marshall Plan • a 1948 “Economic Recovery Act” • U.S. Plan to re-build + re-construct European countries • Western Europe accepted help = growth & prosperity • Eastern Europe…did not
3. United Nations is Formed • Founded 1945 • Focus: • 1. international law • 2. international security • 3.economic development • 4. social progress • 5. human rights