Age of Exploration

1. Age of Exploration

2. W’s • What: Search for spices, silk and trade routes for wealth. • When: 1300s – 1700s • Who: Portuguese(1), Spanish (2), English(3) • Why: Adventures spirit, desire for a direct route to random places, 3 G’s (Gold, Glory, God) • Increased Knowledge/Education • New Inventions • Faster and more efficient ships • Accurate maps

3. New and Improved Sailing Navigational Technology • Astrolabe: measure latitude by finding a point on the horizon and using sun, stars, and/or moon. • Compass: Magnetic pull used on a device to tell the direction on Nth, Sth, Est, or Wst. • Caravel Ship: • Light and fast • Rudder System – faster and easier turns • Lateen Sail – catch wind from any direction

4. Cartography • Map making (new and more accurate map)

5. Reasons for European Exploration • Money - $$ • Land • New land = tax • Land could be used for agricultural purposes (farming) • Wealth • Exploit new lands and resources • 3G’s – GOD, GOLD, GLORY

6. Portuguese Explorers • Prince Henry: wanted to find a route around Africa. • Wanted to spread Christianity • He re-designed ships • Open school to teach navigation to people • Died in 1460 • Left behind multiple maps

7. Bartolomeu Diaz Student of Prince Henry Found the bottom of Africa. His works weren’t finished when he died

8. Vasco da Gama • 1479, led 4 ships around Cape of Good Hope • After 10 months, he finally found the end of India. • Many people died with a lack of vitamins • 3,000% profit from whatever was recovered from where you sailed to • They lived off of salted meat and tack • Meat – salted to allow it to be preserved • Tack – looked like dog biscuits

9. Ferdinand Magellan 1519 – sailed five ships from Spain Rounded around South America It took 4 months to get to the Philippines even thought they predicted only 3 weeks. Only 17 people survived the trip there and back

10. Christopher Columbus • Italian navigator who sailed for Spain. (He thought the Earth was round.) • No one supported him except Spain. • Spain and the Queen financed his journey • There were three ships • Pinta • Nina • Santa Maria • Found the Caribbean Islands

11. Hernan Cortes • Spanish conquistadors landed in Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons. • Natives thought that him and his warriors were Gods. • Natives didn't make any metals • Spears were made out of Stone. • Used rivalry to get Aztecs to fight with each other • Cortes moved to Tenochtitlan • Natives disliked Aztecs • Fighting broke out

12. Conquistadors Spanish people followed the 3G’s People settled.

13. Role of Disease in Exploration and Conquest • Deadly Diseases were brought to the new world (mumps, small pox, flu, etc.) • Disease spread fast • 90% of population died • Dr. Edward Jener – small pox vaccine

14. Columbian Exchange Global transfer of plants, animals, foods, and etcetera.

15. Encomienda System Conquistadors granted encomiendas (tracts of land and rights to demand labor or tribute from Native Americas) By 1500s Spain's empire – California to South America Viceroy – representative of the King the ruled each province

16. Castas Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mullatos Spanish colonial caste system.

17. Castas - continured Peninsulares – Spanish born Creoles – Spanish descent born in Americas Mestizos – Indian and Spanish descent Mullatos – African and Spanish descent

18. Slave Trade Natives died and they needed slaves Slaves came from Africa – Stolen from their home Introduction of sugar cane

19. Triangle Trade • Exchange of Goods and slaves from Europe, Africa, and The New World • 1st – Manufactured goods to Africa to be traded for slaves • 2nd – Slaves transported to West Indies • Slave exchanged for goods (Africa  New world) • 3rd – Sold raw goods (materials) for profit • (New World  Europe)

21. Middle Passage • Brought slaves to Americas • Slaved sometimes walked hundreds of miles to coast city. • There were horrific conditions on the ships that brought the slaves. • 100’s of people were crammed on one ship. • Once they arrived at the New World slaves were branded multiple times by different owners • More slaves = more profit • Slaves were shackled by their neck. Their was little to no space to move; they could also be shackled to the wall.

22. Colonization Mother country took control, set up economy and government You could only export raw good to Spain and only by Spanish manufacturers Laws forbid trade in other countries

23. Mercantilism • Nations strength depended on its wealth • Goal: strong military; expand influence • Export more than you buy… • Important increases reserved of gold and silver through (1) mining and (2) sell more goods

24. Spain Dominates During the Golden Age (1550s – 1650s) Vast amount of gold and silver Agriculture (sugar cane) produced huge profit

25. England Emerges England began to assert their presence in Americas Ships sailed by English captains (Sea Dogs) attacking Spanish ships

26. Spanish Armada • Religious wars waging in Europe. Reformation ideas spread • Spain was angry that their ships are being attacked and ordered the Spanish Armada • 130 ships, 25,000 soldiers • Fire ships – ships set on fir that were aimed and rammed into another ship • A storm came and destroyed a high amount of Spanish Armada • Spanish ships were slow while English was fast