Ch 25 Land Empires 1800 - 1870

1. Ch 25Land Empires1800 - 1870

2. 1800 - 1870 • Ottoman Empire • Russian Empire • China

3. Ottoman Empire

4. Ottoman Empire loses Egypt 1805 • Reforms of Muhammad Ali - Khedive of Egypt • Conscription forced Egyptian peasants to serve in the military • Special schools taught European skills and sciences • Military officers sent to France for training • Muhammad Ali’s family will rule Egypt until 1952 - rule by khedives (title)

5. Groups resisting Western Reforms of Sultan Selim III • Janissaries resisted Sultan Selim III’s reforms to Westernize the army and lead rebellion against Ottoman rule in Serbia in 1805 • Ulama, Muslim religious scholars also resisted reforms because it secularized the law and taxation janissaries

6. Sultan Mahmud II tries Western reforms -1826 • Why? Loss of Greece - Greek independence • Creates a new artillery unit - Jannisaries revolt - orders unit to bombard them - done! • Reform comes with his son, Abdul Mejid

7. Tanzimat Reforms 1839 • equality under the law • tax reforms - ending tax farming • European legal codes replaced sharia • Sharia used only for matters of family law • Westernized the military • French became language of advanced learning • Western military uniforms • Western European dress in Ottoman cities • head tax abolished for non-Muslims

8. Military Uniforms Before Tanzimat Reforms After

9. Tanzimat reforms and women • Sharia maintained for family law • reforms in politics, education, military, professions and commerce did not extend to women • Women used to have a say in property but reforms ended their control over property

10. Crimean War 1853-56 • Britain, France and Ottomans vs. Russia • Russian expansion into Eastern Europe is blocked • muskets replaced with rifles • Russia decides it needs to militarize after poor performance, unable to get access to a warm-water port

11. Ottoman Empire1850 - 1880 • Tanzimat men dominate politics • financial and commercial institutions secularized • banks, insurance companies, legal firms created • urbanization = new professional class • Europeans living in istanbul under their own laws and exempt from ottoman laws = extraterritoriality status

12. Ottoman economic problems • Tobacco and opium only exports • American traders took opium to China to compete against Indian opium of British traders • rising national debt • inflation

13. Young Ottomans1860’s and 1870’s • resented European domination of Ottoman Empire • well-educated young, urban men • liked European liberal ideas • want ottoman independence • achieved a constitution and a parliament but only temporarily - later both suspended

14. Russia

15. Russia in the 1800 • agrarian economy based on serfdom • no middle class - no industry - no urbanization • autocratic czar - no liberal reforms • a backwards empire compared to Europe • any advances based on Western European engineers and experts

16. Russian rulers • Alexander I (r.1801-1825)- assasinated • Nicholas I (r.1825 - 1855) very autocratic - imports industrial goods and exports grain and timber • Alexander II (r.1855 - 1881) - emancipates serfs 1861

17. Qing Empire of China

18. Problems faced by Qin: • growing presence of foreign merchants and missionaries in Canton and Macao • Leads to • White Lotus Rebellion (1794-1804) • Smuggling of opium by British and Americans = Opium War (1839-1842)

19. Opium War • Qing had no navy vs. British gunboats • The Bannermen - • outdated Chinese soldiers • used swords, knives, spears, clubs • Treaty of Nanking - treaty ports - extraterritorial rights given to British residents • most-favored-nation status – china not colonized

20. Treaty ports • Canton • Shanghai • Europeans and Americans lived there and Chinese not permitted to live in certain zones • Christian missionaries condemned confucianism, ancestor worship, foot-binding - fuels resentment. . .

21. Taiping Rebellion1850 - 1864 • Led by a religious leader who wants to overthrow Manchu rule - qing dynasty • begins by taking over villages • civil war in china - destroys cities and rural areas • Finally put down with help from British and French forces • bubonic plague still lingering – migrate • fear of plague = chinese immigration banned in US in 1882

22. MOre Qing problems: • in debt due to indemnity payments to europeans after opium war • provincial governors gained local power during rebellion to tax, raise troops, many kept that power even after rebellion is over • empress Cixi - Empress Dowager” supports provincial governors • Qing ruled by provincial governors after 1860’s

23. Comparisons • Russia - most centralized government by 1870 - expands - serfs emancipated in 1861 • China - trade controlled by Westerners by 1870 - not colonized - treaty ports instead • Ottoman - “Sick man of Europe” is kept alive by Britain and France as a “buffer” to Russian expansion - has lost much territory: Greece, serbia, egypt