Chapter 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

1. Chapter 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

2. The Ottoman Empire

3. Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840 • In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt and defeated the Mamluk. • Returned to France. In 1801 French forces withdrew, leaving ________ in control of the new Egyptian state.

4. French practices • Ibrahim invaded Syria and started similar reforms there. • Ali ruled until 1849 • Family 1952

5. Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853 • Sultan Selim III introduced European reform • Military, central government, taxation, and land tenure • These reforms led to opposition from the Janissaries • Serbian peasants helped defeat the Janissary uprising and went on to make Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire

6. Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted his reforms. Why? • Suspends reform but was executed • Greek independence 1829 • Triumph for European civilization • Allies: • Sultan Mahmud II • Uses popular outrage to reform • New army • Elimination of Janissaries • Reduction of religious elites • Tanzimat reforms • Abdul Mejid 1839

7. Tanzimat • European Reform • French and German training • General education • Foreign instructors • Language • Education stimulated urban wealth • Clothing • Equal taxation • Equal access to courts for all males • Women • Forced women to give up inheritance to husbands • Competition

8. The Crimean War and Its Aftermath 1853-1856 • Russian’s southward expansion led to the Crimean War w/ the Ottoman Empire • Enemies: • Loss blocked expansion into the Middle East and Eastern Europe

9. Significant changes • Russian government discredited • French and English propaganda • Turk-French unity • Warfare • Modernized • Percussion caps and breech-loading rifles • Machine guns • Railways to transfer weapons • Trench warfare

10. Ottoman changes • Continuation of European model • Urbanization • Wage labor classes • Problems • Fiscal problems • Foreign loans • Trade deficit • inflation

11. In the 1860s and 1870s discussion of a law that would have permitted all men to vote left Muslims worried that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society. This worry may have contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories in Europe, Armenia, and the Middle East.

12. Young Ottomans • Constitutionalism • Liberal reform • Turkish national state • In 1876 a ____ was granted but a coup placed a more ______ ruler on the throne; • Result:

13. The Russian Empire

14. Russia and Europe • In 1700, only __% lived in cities; very slow development of infrastructure and transportation. • What prevented development of western modernization?

15. Russia and Asia • At end of 18th century, Russian Empire extended from ____ Ocean to _____. • In the 19th century expansion brought conflict with: China, Japan, Iran, and Ottoman Empire. • ______ took steps to prevent Russia from gaining control of all of Central Asia.

16. Cultural Trends • Contact with Russia since late 17th century. • Opposition to reform came from wealthy families fearing imperial despotism. • Penalties from Crimean War • Developed cultural relations with Europe while the Ottoman would ultimately succumb to European imperialism.

17. The Qing Empire

18. Economic and Social Disorder, 1800-1839 • When Qing conquered China in 1600s, they restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy thus… • Population strain • Itinerant farmhands, laborers, and merchants

19. Discontent in Qing China • Minorities • Government • Foreign merchants • Manifested in a series of rebellions • White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)

20. The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839-1850 • Qin did not take British seriously or the growth of opium trade propagated in China. • Banned in 1839 • Lin Zenxu was sent to Canton to deal with matter. • Opium War (1939-44) ended with the Treaty of Nanking.

21. The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864 • Guangxi providence • Poor farmers • Poverty • Ethnic divisions • Hakka • “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • Hong Xiuquan; Canton • Recruits • Captured Nanjing in 1853

22. Fell to Chinese/British/French • Legacy: • 20-30 million deaths • Depopulation • Massive destruction of Property and land

23. Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864-1875 • ____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration. • Reform modeled after _____. • Aristocrats • Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from disintegrating into a set of large power zones in which provincial governors exercised real authority.