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Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870. Ch. 26. A decline in the Ottoman Empire. 1500’s Ottoman Empire is the strongest in the world Islamic Law ( Shari’a ) regulates daily life Ottomans begin to lose grip on trade (Indian Ocean) Inflation caused by cheap silver from the New World

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Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

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  1. Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870 Ch. 26

  2. A decline in the Ottoman Empire • 1500’s Ottoman Empire is the strongest in the world • Islamic Law (Shari’a) regulates daily life • Ottomans begin to lose grip on trade (Indian Ocean) • Inflation caused by cheap silver from the New World • Tax farming replaces land grants for military service • Janisaries challenge authority and rebel • 1700’s Ottoman Empire begins to lose power to provincial governors

  3. Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853 • Muhammad Ali assumes power in Egypt after Napoleon (1805) • Adopted French practices, European sciences • Strengthened the military • Fell to British pressures to limit his army and navy, and allow trade • Sultan Selim III (1807) reforms the Ottoman Empire • Strengthen the military & central government • Standardize taxation & land tenure • 1805- Janissaries revolt in Serbia • Serbian peasants helped defeat Janissaries • Went on to make Serbia independent • Greece gained independence 1829 • Sultan Mahmud II lost Greece to European powers • Britain, France, and Russia aided & regarded it as a triumph for European civilization

  4. Taiping Rebellion Tanzimat Reforms

  5. Russia’s Empire Conflicts with the Ottomans • Peter the Great (1689-1725) brings reform to Russia • Peter had great visions for a warm- water port on the Black Sea • Peter brings social/ political reform to Russia • Western clothing • Western education • Form a strong military unit • Increase the power of the tsar • Increase access to scientific education

  6. Crimean War Crimean War

  7. Crimean War Aftermath • After Crimean War- Ottoman Empire continued to establish secular financial and commercial institutions on the European model. • Effects- Shifted population from rural to urban • Development of professional and wage laborer classes • Did not solve fiscal problems. • Continued trade deficit, inflation and foreign debt • Ottoman Empire favors European trade, laws, and peoples

  8. Russian Empire • 1700 only 3% lived in cities • Fear of political change hindered westernization • Russophobia in the West • Russian Empire stretched to Pacific and China • Britain took steps to halt Russia • Reforms of Alexander I promised more then delivered • Opposition to reform came from the wealthy

  9. Decemberist Revolts Decembrist Revolt

  10. Qing Empire • Qing conquered China in 1600’s • Restored peace and stability • Promoted recovery of agricultural economy • Chinese population doubled between 1650-1800 • Many people unhappy • Government viewed as weak & corrupt • Series of rebellions- White Lotus rebellion • Qing China looked to expand China’s economic influence to Europe (tea)

  11. Opium Wars Opium Wars

  12. Treaty of Nanking • Treaty of Nanking and subsequent treaties gave Westerners special privileges • Result- colonization of small pockets of Qing territory • Gave most-favored-nation status to Britain • Prevented the colonization of China

  13. Tanzimat Reforms Taiping Rebellion

  14. End of the Qing Empire • Governors like ZengGuofon looked to the U.S. as a model • Wanted to restore agriculture • Reform military • Industrialize armaments manufacture • Reforms supported by Qing aristocrats but unable to prevent disintegration • Split into large power zones-provincial governors exercised authority

  15. Tonghzi Rebellion Tongzhi Restoration

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