Arctic Ocean Diversity ArcOD

1. Arctic Ocean Diversity ArcOD Regional focus – three environments: biodiversity in the Arctic sea ice, water column and sea floor from the shallow shelves to the deep basins Strategy: Compilation of existing data, taxonomic identification of existing samples, new collections focusing on taxonomic & regional gaps.

2. Global Scope of Project • Pan-Arctic • Across realms • - Protists, Invertebrates & Fish • recent extension into sub-Arctic • Comparison to CAML

3. 2007 Scientific Results Tidbits -16 14 -17 12 13 15 D13C 3.2 14 15 6 -18 3 7 8 11 12 13 4 10 9 11 2 5 -19 d13C 10 1 -20 7 8 9 D13C 6.4 6 -21 5 Linkages between habitats: ice algae control light (Gradinger in press) 4 3 -22 2 -23 -24 1 -25 St. 6 ACW St. 10 AW Comparing ecosystem structure – environment (Iken et al.) GIS modeling based on ArcOD data: Metridia longa, Rutzen et al. Linking diversity to ecosystem functioning: 3 current examples (unpubl.) More than presence data needed

4. 2007 Scientific Results Immigration of new species Refugia for Arctic taxa Changes on community level 35 30 25 20 Abundance total amphipods 15 10 5 0 Bottom floe Bottom ridge Ridge side Top ridge Gradinger, Iken, Bluhm in prep Sirenko et al. Sirenko et al. Gradinger, Iken, Bluhm Biological implications of Arctic warming Grebmeier et al. 2006

5. Arctic Diversity New species New species New species Current inventory invertebrates: ~ 5,000 fishes: ~400 microalgae: >400 macroalgae: ~? (NAGISA) Discovered in ArcOD: ~30 To be discovered: few macro, several meio, many micro

6. Distribution Euaugaptilus hyperboreus Origin of species: Pacific - Atlantic - Arctic/ endemisms? Least known regions/urgent questions: Diversity of deep sea regions AND Change of ranges as a result of climate change and variability Kosobokova et al. 2007

7. Abundance/Biomass Grebmeier et al. 2006 Chukchi Shelf Slope 350 phaeo (mg/m2) 300 chl (mg/m2) 250 200 Pigment content (mg/m2) 150 100 50 0 Gradinger in press Spring 2002 Kolga hyalina Chukchi Cap, MacDonald et al. in prep There is no such thing as THE Arctic: - Strong gradients on all trophic levels in all habitats - Great variability within shelves & basins - Less known: gradients at central ridges, seeps?

8. Steps Toward Project Synthesis • understand linkages between small-scale / intermediate structure and species/community • - capture full range of abundance & distribution e.g.: sea ice pressure ridges, sea floor depressions, ocean fronts (global phenomenon) Bluhm et al. in press Combine community analysis GIS modeling

9. Steps Toward Realm Synthesis Metridia longa, Rutzen et al. Data integration (ongoing): - Collaboration on pan-Arctic scale - joint data base - input through minigrant process Kosobokova et al. 2007 Final product: Manuscripts (Special issue in 2008/09), symposia (2009), book (2010)

10. Data Synthesis Arctic – Antarctic

11. Synthesis approach in book project • Services of a habitat and its associated flora and fauna for all stakeholders • Book about sea ice services to be published in 2008/2009 • - Heat budget, coastal erosion, oceanography • Native subsistence hunt • Biodiversity • Beauty (Tourism) • Resource exploration • Will have DVD with video clips produced by group of arts students joining us in the field

12. Visualization & Communication Iconic graph: Prognostic biodiversity modeling based on Arctic warming impacts aim: identify regions of maximum likelihood of diversity change Similar to: ACIA 2005 report

13. Visualization & Communication • What are 1-2 additional “iconic” graphics summarizing the work of your project or realm that might be considered for the 2010 Synthesis? • - Map of current Arctic diversity patterns • Map of sampling effort in the Arctic • Map all ship tracks ever conducting scientific sampling in the Arctic

14. Science Impact New species • 3 major scientific achievements of your project • species data from past and current Arctic marine research projects incl. IPY made available • improved taxonomy of Arctic groups • (Publication of taxonomic keys) • Student training

15. Expected Societal Impact Baselines for … climate warming … oil and gas exploration … opening of shipping routes … ALL stakeholders

16. Project Data Available in OBIS The ArcOD data legacy: GBIF/AOOS records: 20570 OBIS records: 3238 How much of that is new this year? Almost all Total records available one year from now: >80,000 Species and depth coverage of the data. Nearshore to >3000 m Fishes, zoobenthos, zooplankton, sea ice fauna To come: phytoplankton, sea ice algae (>20,000 records)

17. Education & Outreach Ocean Hall 2008 IPY calendar Paintings, seminars, Images, Student training

18. Next Steps Ice algae Phyto- plankton Phyto- plankton Ice algae Sea birds Zoo- plankton Pelagic fish Diving ducks Minke Bowhead Zoo- plankton Walrus Benthos Gray whale Bearded seal Benthos Modified from Carroll and Carroll 2003 Demersal fish Until 2009: continue current data production 2009/2010: Pan-Arctic Analysis as outlined before Beyond 2010: Establish and continue biological monitoring of Arctic seas on Pan-Arctic scale – involve ALL stakeholders

19. Biological Monitoring Effort in Europe

20. Limits to Knowledge Limits: Same old story: vastness of area, inaccessibility (logistical, political), current focus on processes, lack of taxonomists Solutions: Barcoding, disappearing summer sea ice, ice breakers, ocean observing systems, imaging techniques, Involve public and industry

21. Acknowledgments • Funding: DFG, NOAA, NSF, RAS, Sloan F, and others • Photo credit: Bluhm, Gradinger, Hopcroft, Iken, Raskoff, Rogacheva, ROV Global Explorer