Bong- Geun JUN Professor and Director Center for Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security IFANS, Seoul

1. The 10th ROK-UN Joint Conference on Disarmament and Nonproliferation Issues The Nuclear Security Summit: Significance and Achievements November 7, 2011 Bong-Geun JUN Professor and Director Center for Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security IFANS, Seoul

2. Contents Ⅰ Nuclear Terrorism Threats Ⅱ Nuclear Security Ⅲ Global Nuclear Governance Nuclear Security Summit; background, significance, achievements Ⅳ Ⅴ 2012 Nuclear Security Summit

3. On Nuclear Terrorism and Nuclear Security IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei “Nuclear terrorism is No. 1. security threat right now. If they get it, they will use it. (2008 IAEA Annual Conference) UNSC Resolution 1540(2004) “Gravely concerned by the threat of terrorism and the risk that non-State actors … may acquire , develop, traffic in or use nuclear, ...,weapons and their means of delivery, Recognizing the urgent need for all States to take additional effective measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, …,weapons and their means of delivery.” 2010 Washington NSS Communiqué “Nuclear terrorism is one of the most challenging threats to international security, and strong nuclear security measures are the most effective means.”

4. Nuclear Terrorism Dangers • Terrorists’ plans and attempts to make and/or acquire nuclear bomb and its material Civilian HEU and separated Pu stock become major targets of thefts and sabotage. Global Fissile Material Stock(2010)

5. Nuclear Security: Definition De • Prevention, detection of and response - to theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts, - involving nuclear material, other radiological substances or their associated facilities

6. Nuclear Security and Comparisons Nuclear security Nuclear security Nuclear security Nuclear security Nonproliferation ACTOR Non-state actors States Nuclear safety CAUSE Intentional Natural, technical Radiological security MEANS Nuclear terrorism, IND Radiological terrorism, RDD Physical protection MEASURES border control, export control, nuclear forensics, information security, etc Material protection, fence, guards

7. Nuclear Security in Global Nuclear Governance Non- Proliferation Nuclear Diarmament Global Nuclear Governance Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security • NPT’s 3 Pillars: Disarmament, Nonproliferation, PUNE • IAEA’s 3S: Safeguards, Nuclear Safety, Nuclear Security • Obama’s 4 Pillars for a Nuclear weapons free world: • Nuclear disarmament, Nonproliferation, PUNE, Nuclear Security 12

8. Nuclear Security Summit: Background The era of political instability and mass-killing terrorism Terrorists seeking nuclear materials and weapons Over 2,000 tons of global fissile material stock (IPFM Report) President Obama’s call for NSS (2009.4.5) Fukushima Nuclear Accident(2011.3) about 30 cases of terrorism with over 100 deaths since 2000 HEU 25 kg or Pu 8 kg Per Nuclear Explosive Device Hundreds cases of losses or thefts of radiological Material, over 20 cases of losses or thefts of HEU/Pu since the 90s 130 HEU reactor To secure all vulnerable nuclear material in 4 years To hold Global Summit on Nuclear Security in 2010 Endorsed by UNSC Res. 1887(2009.9)

9. NSS: Significance • The first and only summit forum on Nuclear Security • Participation of all stake-holders • Comprehensive ‘Governance’ approach • National voluntary commitments - highest-level political attention - goal- and action-oriented • multiple norms, actors and issues • Partnership: states, IOs, business, NGO …

10. Achievements of the 2010 Summit • 50 global leaders sharing threats perception, agreeing on nuclear security actions • HEU/PU elimination and consolidation. Chile, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, etc.; Shut-down or conversion of HEU reactors: Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Vietnam • Ratification of CPPNM 2005 Amendment and ICSANT • Extension of the UNSC Res. 1540 Committee, G8 Global Partnership program; membership increase of GICNT: • Strengthening IAEA NS function: IAEA Nuclear Security Fund, IAEA INFCIRC 225/rev.5(physical protection guideline document) • Establishment of nuclear security training centers of excellences (Source: The 2010 Nuclear Security Summit: A Status Update, Arms Control Association and Partnership for Global Security Report, 2011.4)

11. Pre-Summit Experts Conference Business CEO Conference Summit • 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit March 26(M)~27(T), 2012, Seoul 47 Heads of States + plus 4 Representatives of IOs (UN, IAEA, EU, INTERPOL) March 23(F), 2012 Hosted by KINAC and IFANS Approx. 200 participants, including over 100 foreign guests Nuclear security policy, technical issues Technical exhibition March 23(F), 2012 Hosted by KHNP

12. 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit 2012 Seoul NSS official website : www.seoulnss.go.kr

13. 2012 Nuclear Security Symposium(Draft) TITLE “Innovating Global Nuclear Security Governance” PROGRAM • Progress since the 2010 NSS • Nuclear security activities by (NG)IOs: UN, IAEA, INTERPOL, WANO/INPO/WINS, etc. • Global Nuclear Security Governance: vision, goals, principles, innovations, strategies • Key issues • - radiological security, interface between NS and NS, IAEA’s role, regional approach, • international cooperation and coordination, HEU minimization, information security, illicit trafficking, nuclear forensics, etc. • Beyond the 2012 Seoul Summit PARTICIPANTS • Experts from NSS participating states, IOs, NGOs, labs, schools etc. • Media, general public

14. Why ‘Global Governance’ Approach? Limits of traditional state-centered approach 1 Diversified Norms 2 treaties/ conventions, initiatives, national laws/regulations, code of conduct, best practice, principles, compliance program Global Governance Approach Multiple Actors 3 States, GIO, NGIO, NGOs, companies, labs, schools, individuals Complexity, interrelation of issues 4 3 pillars of NPT, 3S/2S, development, economics, culture, sovereignty, globalization

15. THANK YOU!