Introduction to the Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Regime.

1. Introduction to the Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Regime.

2. Alphabet Soup of Nuclear Nonproliferation

3. Enter nuclear weapons 1945 Hiroshima & Nagasaki Nuclear weapons changed the scene Balance of power versus proliferation concerns Constant tension of haves vs have-nots Tension conventional vs WMD

4. Nagasaki boy

5. Start of Nuclear Arms Control �the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction.� Also established the UN Atomic Energy Commission 1946-49 Eventually became the IAEA in 1957

6. U.S. Nonproliferation Policy 1946 2 Strands 1. Acheson-Lilienthal report, March 1946: basis of Baruch Plan 2. McMahon Act, July 1946: to maintain U.S. monopoly on military & industrial uses of atomic energy; until effective safeguards, no exchange with other nations 6

7. The Baruch Plan Proposal by U.S. representative Bernard Baruch at the first meeting of the UN Atomic Energy Commission in June 1946 International managerial control or ownership of all potentially military activities in the field of atomic energy International organization with the power to control, license, and inspect all atomic energy activities; and impose sanctions, not subject to UNSC veto Organization to also promote beneficial uses of atomic energy & conduct R&D to keep its scientists up to date so they could recognize any misuse of atomic energy. 7

8. Atoms for Peace Announced by U.S. President Eisenhower, 1953 3 driving principles slow the expansion of the USSR nuclear arsenal Pu produced in power reactors could not be used for military explosive purposes Voluntary/co-operative international arrangements as opposed to denial by US and other technology holders 8

9. Beginnings of NPT 1965 Ireland�s General Assembly resolution 2028: the conceptual basis for the NPT. The Resolution outlined five governing principles: Both the NWS and NNWS not to engage in any type of nuclear-weapon proliferation; An appropriate balance between the obligations undertaken by the NWS and the NNWS; The Treaty should constitute a step toward nuclear disarmament, as well as toward general and complete disarmament; There should be practical provisions to ensure the Treaty's effectiveness; and The establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones should not be curtailed in any way under the Treaty. 

10. NPT UN General Assembly approved NPT text on March 11, 1968 Opened for signature on June 12, 1968, signed by 62 states including 3 depositary governments (US, USSR, UK) Entered into force: 1970 Extended indefinitely: 1995 Parties today: 190 Non-parties: India, Israel, Pakistan North Korea first announced withdrawal in 1993 & suspended process then again announced withdrawal January 10, 2003 10

11. The Non-Proliferation Treaty The NPT No transfer to any recipient whatsoever No receiving any transfer from any transferor whatsoever Safeguards Peaceful Uses � �inalienable right�, in conformity with Articles 1 and 2 Negotiations in good faith on� cessation of the nuclear arms race � nuclear disarmament�. NW Free Zones Review and amendments Withdrawal and extension

12. Article VI Commitments Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. 12

13. Treaties 1963-2009 1963 PTBT 1967 OST 1968 Tlatelolco 1968 NPT 1971 Seabed 1972 ABM 1972 SALT-I 1974 TTBT 1959 Antarctic 1967 Outer Space Treaty 1976 PNET 1979 SALT-II Red = Global in scope Violet = Regional Black = Bilateral

14. NPT Indefinite Extension 1995 Package deal Decision I: Strengthened review process Decision II: �Principles and objectives for nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament�, including a Program of Action for implementing Article VI Decision III: Indefinite extension Resolution on the Middle East �ultimate goal� of �the complete elimination of nuclear weapons; CTBT no later than 1996;FMCT negotiations;

15. CTBT 1996 Bans all nuclear weapons test explosions Has a global, powerful verification regime Entry into Force conditions require 44 named countries Not yet entered into force (US Senate decision not to ratify plus India, Pakistan, DPRK etc etc � new hope)

16. NPT Review 2000 & 13 steps Unequivocal undertaking to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear arsenals Early entry into force of the CTBT Moratorium on nuclear-weapon-test explosions pending CTBT CD negotiations on treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons within five years CD nuclear disarmament body Irreversibility to disarmament, arms control and reduction

17. NPT 2000 cont Entry into force of START II and the conclusion of START III while preserving and strengthening the ABM Completion and implementation of the US/Russia/IAEA Trilateral Initiative Steps by all NWS: efforts to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally; increased transparency; reduction of non-strategic weapons; measures to reduce operational status of nuclear weapons ; diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies; engagement of all NWS in the process of elimination of nuclear weapons All NWS to place fissile material under international verification Reaffirmation of ultimate objective of general and complete disarmament under effective international control Regular reporting within the framework of the strengthened review process (accountability) Further development of the verification capabilities to provide assurance of compliance with nuclear disarmament agreements

18. NPT 2005 No Agreed Document US and France would not allow specific mention of 13 Steps from 2000 Egypt thus blocked adoption of Agenda Too short a time to discuss and find agreement

19. Conference on Disarmament No Treaty since CTBT in 1996 Agreement to begin negotiations May 2009 Pakistan not allowing negotiations to move forward

20. Prague Spring

21. NPT 2010? Nuclear Disarmament is at the heart of success