Chapter 21 A Dividing Nation

1. Chapter 21 A Dividing Nation • Read section 21.1 page 285 • Write the questions and answers in your notes • What issue divided the country? • What happened that made it impossible to ignore the slavery question? • Why did the compromises fail?

2. Vocabulary for chapter 21 • The Union • *Deadlocked • Secession • Fugitives • *Gag rule ( 289) • *Preserve • After you define these terms look through the chapter and choose your favorite picture.

3. Activity for chapter 21 • You will assume the role of a northerner or southerner, and like members of Congress before the Civil War,you will attempt to settle issues in order to preserve the Union. For each issue you will do the following:

4. Directions for Activity • Start by reading section of chapter 21 that explain the issues that threaten the Union with your fellow northerners or southerners in groups.(ISN tells you what to read) • Complete part 1 of reading notes for that section and discuss with your group strategies to help you reach a compromise with your opponents • Next, when time is called you will meet with your other group that includes 2 northerners and 2 southerners to attempt to reach a compromise on the issue at hand. Complete part 2 of reading notes • Last, read the section of chapter 21 that tells you what actually happened, and record that information in section 3 of notes.

5. Section 21.2 • Issue over accepting Missouri into the Union as a slave state. • What was the issue? Pg 286

6. If Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, what would keep slavery from spreading across all of the Louisiana territory? Northerners were afraid that slavery would spread into the North

7. The Tallmadge Amendment Representative James Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the statehood bill that would allow Missouri to become a state. • The amendment said that Missouri could enter the Union, but only as a free state.

8. How did the South feel about the Tallmadge Amendment? • Outraged • They felt that Congress should not get to decide if a new state should be slave or free.Instead each state should decide whether to permit slavery or not.

9. Deadlocked • The House voted to pass the Amendment • In the Senate, however, Southerners were able to defeat it. The two houses were now deadlocked on the issue of slavery in Missouri • Now what???

10. 21.3 The Missouri Compromise • 1820 • A compromise is reached.. • Rather than risk the break up of the Union, Congress agrees on a compromise crafted by Henry Clay • The Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. This helped to keep the amount of free and slave states even.

11. Congress drew an imaginary line across the Louisiana territory at latitude 36°30`.North of this line slavery was banned forever, except Missouri. South of this line, slaveholding was permitted.

12. Reaction to the Compromise 21.4 • No one was happy with this solution but it kept the Union together for now • The Second Great Awakening in the 1820-1830’s helped to keep the issue of abolishing slavery alive. • * The MC maintained the balance of free and slave states

13. The Gag rule • During the 1830’s abolitionists flooded Congress with anti-slavery petitions. • Congress said they had no control to ban slavery in states- Abolitionists question how they could have no power to end slavery especially in the nation’s capital ( Washington D.C.)

14. Gag Rule • In 1836 Congress voted to set aside ( or table) all talk of slavery. They did not want to deal with the issue. • Outraged abolitionists called this the “gag-rule” • Abolitionists continued to attack slavery in books, in newspapers and in public meetings.

15. Southern Fears • Southerners resented abolitionists. • After Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 their resentment turned to fear. • Southerners adopted strict laws to control the movement of slaves. • Some states even tried to stop abolitionist writing from reaching slaves by offering a reward for the arrest of any person circulating abolitionist ideas.

16. Gag rule kept talk of slavery out of Congress for 10 years • Wilmot Proviso- (1846) law proposed by Congressman David Wilmot which would ban slavery in any lands won from Mexico. It passed in the House, but not in the Senate. • Free Soil Party- (1848) Party formed by antislavery members of both parties whose goal was to keep slavery out of the western territories.

17. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. • People who let fugitives escape could be fined $1000 and be jailed for 6 months • Set up special courts to handle runaway cases- judges got $5 for setting a slave free and $10 for sending them back to slavery

18. Statehood for California • S- Wanted all of the Mexican Cession open to slavery, the N wanted it closed • Compromise proposed by South: extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. N rejected this compromise • California applies for admission as a free state. S rejects the request • Deadlocked again…

19. Popular Sovereignty • Loyal to a state and not the Country • People should be allowed to vote on whether or not to have slaves. It should not be the Government’s decision.

20. 21.5 The Compromise of 1850 • It is the compromise reached by Henry Clay to solve the problem caused when California asked to be admitted as a free state. • The compromise had four parts: • 1- California was allowed to enter the Union as a free state.

21. 2- The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of New Mexico and Utah. Popular sovereignty would be used to decide if slavery was allowed. • 3a- The slave trade was ended in Washington D.C., the nations capital. • 3b-Congress, however, declared that it had no power to ban slave trade between slave states. • 4-Fugitive Slave Act 1850

22. 21.6 The Compromise Satisfies No One • Issue 1:A strict new fugitive slave law was passed. • It required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. People who let fugitives escape could be fined $1,000 and jailed for six months • In September 1850 Congress adopted Clay’s plan

23. Issue 2 • Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of the anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Uncle Tom’s Cabin – anti-slavery novel that showed the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Law. It helped to change the way northerners looked at slavery and made them look at it as a moral problem, rather than a political one.

24. Issue 3:Kansas-Nebraska Act • law proposed by Stephen Douglas in 1854 which divided the Nebraska Territory into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. • b. Franklin Pierce – • President who supported the Kansas- Nebraska Act.

25. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was created because Douglas wanted to get a railroad built to California, and he thought it was more likely to happen if Congress organized the great Plains into Nebraska Territory and opened the region to settlers. • This land was North of the Missouri Compromise so the bill said nothing about slavery.

26. Southerners agreed to the bill if there were some changes made.. • Final Bill : Created Kansas and Nebraska and settlers could vote on whether to permit slavery or not. ( went against the Missouri Compromise) • Douglas called this: “Popular Sovereignty” or rule by the people

27. The Kansas-Nebraska Act undid the Missouri Compromise because it allowed popular sovereignty in the western territories. • Popular Sovereignty led to fighting in Kansas because proslavery and antislavery forces moved into Kansas and battled for control

28. Border Ruffians- • Proslavery groups from Missouri who crossed into Kansas to battle antislavery forces and vote illegally. John Brown – • An abolitionist who led a band of men that murdered five proslavery settlers in the town of Pottawatomie Creek

29. Bleeding Kansas- • Nickname given to Kansas after the killings at Pottawatomie Creek sparked more violence. • Charles Sumner – a senator from Massachusetts who denounced the proslavery legislature in Kansas

30. Issue 4: Dred Scott • Missouri slave named Dred Scott traveled with his owner to Wisconsin, where slavery was banned by the Missouri Compromise. • When he went back to Missouri, Scott went to court to win his freedom. He argued that his stay in Wisconsin made him a free man

31. Dred Scott • 9 Supreme Court Justices in 1857: 5 from the South, 4 from the North. • Chief Justice Roger Taney was from the South and was apposed to slavery. He hoped the Scott case would finally put an end to the slavery issue

32. Focus What do YOU think? • Do you think the slave Dred Scott was a citizen who had the right to bring a case before a Federal court? Why or why not? • Did his time in Wisconsin make him a free man? Why or why not? Write your answers in focus section of your binder.

33. Share ideas with your group • Working with your fellow Northerners or Southerners recommend a ruling to the Supreme Court on the Dred Scott case that would satisfy both the North and the South . Your ruling must address these issues: • Was Scott a citizen with the right to sue in federal court? • Did Scott’s visit to Wisconsin make him a free man? • Can Congress ban slavery in the territories?

34. Share your ideas with your opponents!! • Working with your opponents try to come to a compromise on the Dred Scott case. Fill in reading notes part 2 with your Supreme Court Ruling.

35. Let’s Find out what really happened! • Look at map on page 297. • Where was slavery allowed in 1857? • Judging from this map, what do you think the Dred Scott decision was? • How do you think the South reacted to the decision? How about the North?

36. 21.7 The Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court ruled that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. • It also ruled that Dred Scott couldn’t file a lawsuit since he was not a citizen, nor could any African American ever be a citizen. A slave was property • Scott’s stay in Wisconsin did not make him a free man because the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

37. Reactions to the Dred Scott Decision + • White southerners rejoiced because the Supreme Court declared that slaves were property and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. • African Americans were angry and condemned the decision.

38. White northerners were shocked because they believed slavery was dying out; the Dred Scott decision gave it new life. • Douglas said that the issue of slavery had been taken out of the hands of Congress and placed in the hands of western settlers.

39. Focus: Thursday March 6,2008 • Let’s review the facts of the Dred Scott case…. Listen closely to the audio. • This was the case of its time. EVERYONE knew about it and discussed it. As a result there was a wide range of opinions on the case. The purpose of today’s lesson will be to explore some of those opinions.

40. Objective for today • Understand how Americans responded to the Dred Scott case • Understand how the case gave both the anti-slavery and pro-slavery activists an issue to rally behind.

41. Activity • 1. We are going to listen to some audio clips from various people in the US after the Dred Scott decision was read. You will take notes in the handout provided. • 2. In assigned groups you will view primary source editorials from American newspapers about the Dred Scott decision.( both the North and South). Use key words or phrases to help you figure out the perspective of the article.

42. Group Roles: • 1. Reader: Read article out loud to your group • 2. Recorder: record notes from editorial. Circle key phrases or words that help you figure out the author’s view point. • 3. Time keeper/ Manager: Keep group on task • 4. Spokesperson: shares findings with the class at end of activity.(This may occur during tomorrow’s lesson.) • If you do not want to be the reader you may switch roles with someone willing to do the reading.

43. Think About…. • Who were the anti-slavery voices we heard? • Who were the pro-slavery voices we heard? • What articles were pro-slavery? • What articles were anti-slavery? • Tomorrow we will create a chart answering the above questions.

44. 21.8 Compromise to Crisis • 1858 Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas run for senate • Lincoln believed that the nation can not stay half- slave and half- free. • Douglas believes that it can. • Douglas believes the Dred Scott decision put the slavery issue to rest. • Abe disagrees…

45. Lincoln Slavery moral issue Thought slavery was evil Douglas Slavery legal issue Thought slavery should be dealt with by Popular Sovereignty Lincoln Douglas Debates

46. John Brown’s Raid • Planned to seize ( take) the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. • Arsenal= place where ammunition and weapons are kept • He wanted to arm the slaves for a rebellion that would destroy slavery forever. • All of Brown’s men were captured or killed during the raid • Brown was convicted of treason and sentenced to die

47. John Brown • Southerners viewed him as a lunatic • Northerners viewed him as a hero

48. Republicans United behind Lincoln Democrats Divided between North and South ( North wanted Douglas, South wanted Breckinridge) The Election of 1860

49. 21.9 Secession • South Carolina secedes from the Union. • 6 other states secede soon after. • South Carolina fired on Ft. Sumter.