Kingdom Protista

1. Kingdom Protista Chapter 21

2. What are Protists? • Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi • Protists are generally unicellular • Protists can be heterotrophs, autotrophs, or decomposers

3. Classification • Protists are a very diverse groups of organisms • Different groups of Protists evolved independently from archaebacteria • Protists are generally classified by the way they obtain food. There are three main categories of Protists • Animal-like (Protozoa) • Plant-like (Algae) • Fungus-like

4. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoans) • Classified by their method of movement. • There are four phyla of Protozoans • Zooflagellates • Sarcodines • Ciliates • Sporozoans

5. Zooflagellates • Animal-like Protists • Use Flagella to move • Absorb food through their cell membrane • Live in lakes, streams, and inside other organisms

6. Form the basis of many food chains • Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission • Ex. Giardia- water borne protozoa that causes severe intestinal distress • Trichonympha –helps termites digest wood

7. Sarcodines • Animal-like • Use pseudopods for feeding and movement • Asexual reproduction by means of binary fission • Ex. Amoeba

8. Ciliates • Use Cilia for feeding and movement • Cilia- short hairlike projections • Found in lakes, streams, and oceans

9. Use self-defense mechanisms known as a trichocyst • Reproduce by binary fission and conjugation • Ex. Paramecium

10. Sporozoans • Do not move on their own • Considered parasites • Complex life cycle, involve more than one host • Reproduce by sporozoites • Attach to host, penetrate it, and live within it • Ex. Pneumocystis carinii. – causes pneumonia in AIDS patients • Plasmodium vivax – causes malaria

11. Diseases • Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping disease • Malaria • 300-500 million people suffer from Malaria • 2 million die each year • Plasmodium causes malaria • Female Anopheles Mosquito is the carrier

12. Malaria Life-cycle

13. Other Diseases Toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma gondii] - Caused by eating raw meat - May become infected through the handling of cat litter boxes - Symptoms are similar to the flu. - Especially hazardous to pregnant women, may cause eye damage in the fetus

14. More Diseases • African Sleeping sickness • Fatal • Caused by the bite of a tsetse fly • Amebic Dysentery • Causes severe diarrhea

15. Plantlike Protists • Contains green pigment chlorophyll • Carries out photosynthesis • Highly mobile

16. Euglenophytes • Plantlike • Two flagella • Has eyespot • Helps find sunlight • No Cell Wall, but has a pellicle • Ex. -Euglena eyespot

18. Dinoflagellates • Can be both heterotroph and autotrophs, some are both at the same time • Two flagella – causes to move in a spiral motion • Asexual reproductions by binary fission

19. Red Algae • Able to live at great depth due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy • Contain Chlorophylla and phycobilins ( absorb blue light) • Multicelluar • Lack flagella

20. Brown Algae • Contains Chlorophyll a and c as well as fucoxanthin • Largest and most complex • Multicellular • Mostly found in shallowcoastal water • Ex. - Kelp

21. Green Algae • Have chlorophyll a and b • Store food in the forms of starch • Very similar to plants • Contain cellulose in their cell wall

22. Human Uses of Algae • -Often rich in vitamin C and iron • Medicine • -treat stomach ulcers, arthritis, and high blood pressure • Food • -ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, candy bars, pancake syrups, and eggnog • Industry • -chemicals from algae are used to make plastics, waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, and even artificial wood • Science laboratories • -Remember Agar!!!

23. Fungus-like Protist • Like fungi, fungus-like protist are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter • Unlike fungi, fungus-like protisthave centrioles

24. Slime Molds • Recycle organic matter • Closely resemble amoebas • Multi-cellular

25. Fungi - Chapter 21

26. The Kingdom Fungi • Fungi areeukaryotic heterotrophsthat have cell walls. • These cell walls are made ofchitin

27. The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many filaments calledhyphae

28. Fungi Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually • The cells or hyphae may break off and begin to grow on their own. • Some fungi produce spores. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

29. Spores are Asexual

30. Fungi Classification • Over 100,000 species. • Grouped according to their structure and method of reproduction. • Four main groups: • Molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi and Imperfect Fungi

31. Molds - Phylum Zygomycota • Has both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle • Produces spores on structure calledsporangia • Example: Bread Mold

32. Bread Mold

34. Sac Fungi • Phylum Ascomycota • Both a sexual and asexual phase in it’s life cycle • Produces spores on structure calledasciwhich form on the inside of the cup • Examples: • Yeast • Morels

35. Yeast

36. Morels

37. Morels

38. Club Fungi • Phylum Basidiomycota • Both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle • Produces spores on structures calledbasidia • Basidia are found on the gills that grow on the underside of a mushroom cap

40. Club Fungi (con’t.) • Includes many edible and poisonous varieties • Examples: Button, Portobello and Shitaki mushrooms

41. Club Fungi

42. The Imperfect Fungi • Phylum Deuteromycota • No sexual phase of their life cycle has been observed. • Example: • Penicillin

43. Penicillin

44. Ecology of Fungi • Fungi are found in all ecosystems in all environments on Earth • All fungi areheterotrophs • They cannot move to capture food, but their mycelia grow into the tissues and cells of organisms. • Many aresaprobes, which obtain food from decaying organic matter • Some areparasites • Some aresymbionts

45. Fungi as Decomposers • Fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms. • Without fungi and other decomposers, energy-rich compounds would forever be trapped in the bodies of dead organisms. • If these materials were not returned, the soil would quickly be depleted, and Earth would become lifeless.

47. Fungi as Parasites • Some fungi cause tremendous losses of food and crops. • A few fungi cause human disease. • Example: ringworm, athletes foot fungus, yeast infections.

48. Ringworm

49. Athletes Foot Fungus