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The Major Lineages of Life

The Major Lineages of Life. Molecular data challenges 5 Kingdoms Monera was too diverse 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes Protists are still too diverse not yet sorted out. Chapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life.

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The Major Lineages of Life

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  1. The Major Lineages of Life • Molecular datachallenges 5 Kingdoms • Monera was too diverse • 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes • Protists are still too diverse • not yet sorted out

  2. Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species • The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships • Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships • Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms

  3. 3 Domain system • Domains = “Super” Kingdoms • Bacteria • Archaea • extremophiles = live in extreme environments • methanogens • halogens • thermophiles • Eukarya • eukaryotes • protists • fungi • plants • animals

  4. Eukaryote Prokaryote Archaebacteria&Bacteria Classification • Old 5 Kingdom system • Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals • New 3 Domain system • reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence • Prokaryote: Bacteria • Prokaryote: Archaebacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists • Plants • Fungi • Animals

  5. KingdomBacteria KingdomArchaebacteria KingdomProtista KingdomFungi KingdomPlantae KingdomAnimalia

  6. Kingdoms Fungi Animalia absorptivenutrition ingestivenutrition Plantae autotrophs heterotrophs Protista uni- tomulticellular multicellular Eubacteria Archaebacteria prokaryotes eukaryotes Single-celled ancestor

  7. Finding commonality in variety • Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species • domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species use the mnemonic!

  8. The Evolutionary Perspective

  9. Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data • To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about morphologies, genes, and biochemistry of living organisms • Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences

  10. Cladistics • Cladistics groups organisms by common descent • A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants • Clades can be nested in larger clades, but not all groupings of organisms qualify as clades

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