English III American Literature

1. English IIIAmerican Literature Unit I Beginnings - 1750

2. 1492Christopher Columbus reached North America.

3. The continent was already sparsely populated by Native American tribes.

4. Ways immigrants come to America: • On foot • On wooden sailing ships • In stifling holds of slave ships • On rickety boats • On steerage compartments of ocean liners. 6. By plane

5. Because we are a land of immigrants, America is called the “melting pot.”

6. The melting pot is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture. It is used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.

7. The first immigrants came on foot across the Bering Strait from Siberia and migrated south.

8. The United States is a land of immigrants. No one knows when the first Americans arrived here. However, Native Americans have been on the continent thirty times longer than the Europeans.

9. 1500s European settlers begin arriving. What were the Native Americans doing for 12,000-70,000 years? (30 times longer than Europeans) Not much is known because all literature of Native Americans was oral. (myths, legends) No written stories.

10. Over half of the states in the United States are named for the Native Americans. • Alabama - Thicket Clearers • Alaska - Great Land • Arizona - Silver Slabs • Arkansas - Down Stream People • Connecticut - Upon The Long River • Dakota - Related People • Idaho - Sunrise, It Is Morning • Illinois - Men Or Great Men • Indiana - Land Of The Indians • Iowa - Drowsy People • Kansas - People Of The South Wind • Kentucky - Hunting Ground • Massachusetts - Great Hill

11. Michigan - Great WaterMinnesota - Sky Tinted WaterMississippi - Father Of WaterMissouri - Long Canoe PeopleNebraska - Flat WaterNew Mexico - Aztec God MexitiliOhio - Beautiful ValleyOklahoma - Land Of The Red ManOregon - Beautiful WaterTennessee - From Chief TannassieTexas - Tejas Or AlliesUtah - ThoseWho Dwell High UpWisconsin - Where Waters GatherWyoming - Great Plain

12. The Great Lakes have Native American names. (HOMES)

13. You may live on a street in Brookhaven that has a Native American name. Chippewa Cherokee Minnesota Choctaw Chickasaw Natchez

14. Many towns or cities in Mississippi have Native American names. Amite   “friendly river” BogueChitto   “big river” Byhalia   “white oak tree” Copiah “calling panther” Iuka   “place of bathing” Neshoba   “wolf” Natchez   “to break off from” Panola   “cotton” Noxubee   “stinking water” Tunica   “little people” Pontotoc   “weed prairie” Tupelo   “make a noise” Tallahatchie   “rock river” Tishomingo   “warrior chief” Winona   “first born daughter” Yazoo   “river of the dead” Yalobusha   “tadpoles abounding” Yockanookany   “catfish land”

15. Many counties in Mississippi have Native American names. Amite, Attala, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Grenada, Issaquena, Itawamba, Leflore, Neshoba, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Pontotoc, Tallahatchie, Tippah, Tishomingo, Tunica, Yalobusha, and Yazoo.

16. Settlers from Europe did not begin arriving on the East Coast of North America until the late 1500’s.

17. We do know from the writings of the Europeans that • The Native Americans usually greeted them as friends. • They taught the Europeans their agriculture, hunting, and woodworking skills. 3. They introduced them to things such as maize, squash, maple sugar, snowshoes, birch bark canoes, etc. 4. The Europeans would not have survived the bitter winters without them.

18. 1565 The first permanent settlement in the United States – St. Augustine, Florida. It is the oldest city in the United States. (no more permanent settlements at this time)

19. In early United States history (and therefore literature), we study two major areas:1. Jamestown, Virginia2. the New England areaWe study two distinct groups:1. Southern planters 2. Puritans

20. 1607Jamestown, Virginia, became America’s firstpermanentEnglish settlement. A small group of English settlers led by CaptainJohn Smith struggled to survive on marshy land near the James River in the present state of Virginia.

21. 1608 Captain John Smith wrote what is considered to be the first book written in English in America. Its full title is on your guide. On the test it will be called A True Relation.

22. 1619The first black slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619. That is twelve years after the first permanent English settlement and one year before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Plantations and slavery were connected from the beginning.

23. 1716The first theater opened in Williamsburg, Virginia.

24. 1728 William Byrd, an ancestor of the prominent Byrd family of Virginia, is an important writer in American literature for the Southern colonies.

25. Puritans:Background of Their Coming to America

26. The Protestant Reformation occurred in England in 1517 led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others. These protesters wished to reform the Catholic church.

27. Protestant Reformation These protesters objected to the church’s structure, its doctrine, and its rituals. Their protest led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.

28. In 1532 King Henry VIII created the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church.

29. The Church of England (Anglican Church) • It was Protestant in name only. • The King of England was the same as the Pope with appointed cardinals 3. The Anglican Church used Catholic practices and rituals. It was “Catholic church in disguise.”

30. A very conservative group of Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Church of England were called Puritans.

31. Their chief complaint was that too many elements of the Roman Catholic Church had been retained in the new Anglican Church (Church of England).

32. This group tried to “purify” the church from within. They suffered persecution inEngland for wanting to change the Church of England.

33. What Puritans Objected to in the Church of England: • No clerical vestments. • No stained glass windows. • No kneeling at altars. • Wanted to return to simpler forms of worship. • No statues or decorations in church building. • No elaborate ceremony. • Did not believe the clergy should act as an intermediary between the individual and God. 8. No hierarchy. Objected to church organization.

34. Ways the Puritans Were Persecuted in England: 1. put in jail2. whipped3. noses slit 4. ears lopped off

35. A group of English Puritans gave up on changing the Church of England from within and broke away. For them Corinthians II made it plain and clear: “Come out from among them and be ye separate, saith the Lord.” They were called Separatists. The Separatists were severely critical of the Church of England and wanted to either destroy it or separate from it.

36. The Separatists were an extremely conservative group. They preached a plain Christianity that contrasted sharply with the ceremony of the Church of England.

37. 1608Separatists leave for Holland To establish themselves as rightful interpreters of the Bible independent of an inherited social and cultural order, the Separatists removed from the Anglican Church to re-establish it as they believed it truly should be. This action, of course, meant leaving the country, and they left for Holland in 1608.

38. 1620The Separatists (Puritans) stayed in Holland for twelve years until 1620.They went back to England.

39. The Separatists left Holland and went back to England to set sail for the New World in 1620. The Separatists, when living in England, spoke English, but moved to Holland for religious freedom. There everyone from Holland spoke Dutch. The Separatists wanted their children to learn their original language, so about twelve years after they came to Holland, they moved to America. There their language and customs would be preserved. They would not lose their English identity.

40. 1620A group of Separatists set sail for the New World from Plymouth, England aboard the Mayflower. Three names for this group are Separatists, Puritans, and Pilgrims. Their leader was William Bradford.

41. Definition of pilgrim: One who goes on a journey, especially a religious journey. The Pilgrims with a capital Pare those original Puritans who came on the Mayflower.

42. The Pilgrims were trying to reach Virginia, which already had had settlements since 1607.

43. The state of Virginia is named for England’s Queen Elizabeth I.Jamestown, Virginia, is also named for English royalty, King James I.

44. Instead, the Mayflower arrived in the Cape Cod area and established Plymouth Colony in what is now Massachusetts.

45. 1620the Mayflower Compact On board the Mayflower, the Pilgrims drew up the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was signed by forty-one male passengers near Cape Cod.

46. 1620 –1640The Great Migration Around 20,000 Puritans migrate to the New World. They established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

47. These Puritans were not Separatists. They hoped to reform the church from within. They hoped to form a model community guided in all aspects by the Bible. John Winthrop desired to make New England “a city upon a hill.”

48. The Puritan form of government was a theocracy, a state under the immediate guidance of God.theos - Godcracy - rule

49. Central Beliefs of Puritanism • Human beings exist for the glory of God. • The Bible is the sole expression of God’s will. The Bible is God’s word revealed, and through it, He directly communicates to human beings. • Belief in predestination – John Calvin’s belief that God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not. Theory of the elect. 4. Belief in the original sin; one can accomplish good only through hard work and self-discipline.

50. 1621The First Thanksgiving The Native Americans and the Pilgrims celebrated the first year with a big feast that has come to be known as America’s first Thanksgiving. One half of the original 102 died the first year.