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FrameNet. The work. The product. The applications. CJFillmore - ICSI/Berkeley. Acknowledgements. International Computer Science Institute National Science Foundation Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Frames and Understanding.
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FrameNet The work. The product. The applications. CJFillmore - ICSI/Berkeley
Acknowledgements • International Computer Science Institute • National Science Foundation • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Frames and Understanding Hypothesis: People understand things by performing mental operations on what they already know. Such knowledge is describable in terms of information packets called frames.
The core work of FrameNet • characterize frames • find words that fit the frames • develop descriptive terminology • extract sample sentences • annotate selected examples • derive "valence" descriptions
D I G R E S S I O N • Actually there are two contexts in which you will probably be asked to do FrameNet annotations. • One is for purely lexicographic purposes, where you will choose “good examples” of the use of each word. • The other is for full text analysis, where you will analyze every word in a text. • The description that follows concentrates on the lexicographic work
The core work of FrameNet • characterize frames • find words that fit the frames • develop descriptive terminology • extract sample sentences • annotate selected examples • derive "valence" descriptions
Finding words that belong in a given frame • We look for words in the language that bring to mind the individual frames. • We say that the words evoke the frames.
“Words”? • But first there’s an enemy we have to deal with: polysemy, lexical ambiguity, multiple meanings of a single “word”. • Instead of words, we have to work with lexical units (LUs), each of these being a pairing of a word with a sense.
FrameNet is at the “splitting” end of the “splitting” versus “lumping” continuum when it comes to the monosemy/polysemy. What could count as evidence for the separateness of lexical units with the same form?
Discernible meaning differences. If a word communicates different meanings in different contexts, and the difference isn’t explained by the contexts, maybe the word has more than one meaning. • She earns a lot less than she deserves. • I made a lot of money, but I earned it. The second sentence conveys the idea that the amount of money earned was appropriate.
How many meanings for replace? • put (sth) back where it belongs • occupy a position formerly occupied by (sth,sbd) • put something in a position formerly occupied by (sth,sbd)
Just having different argument types in grammatical positions isn’t enough. • Subject as Speaker: Mom explained …, you complained …, she said …, I insist …, the dean informed us … • Subject as Medium: chapter 2 explains …, your letter complains …, the Bible says …, the law insists …, the editorial informed …
Those don’t require separate senses. • The “Medium-as-Subject” examples can be thought of as Metonymy. Thus: • Chapter 2 explains … = The author explains in Chapter 2 that … • Your letter complains that … = You complain in your letter that …
Speaker as Subject Medium as Subject
Here’s a different situation: Some - but not all - “verbs of speaking” have a “cognitive” use, identifying sources of beliefs or belief-attitudes, with no communicating implied. • The heavy winds explain the number of windmills around here. (*explicate) • These facts argue in favor of your hypothesis. (*reason)(*quarrel) • His repeated absence at meetings suggests that he’s not happy with the job. (*hints)
Speaker as Subject Medium as Subject Fact as Subject
That is, we take the fact that some but not all words in a particular semantic class have special meaning elaborations “argues for” a polysemy interpretation in those cases.
Different Complementation Complementation patterns should go with particular meanings of a word. • Medical sense of complain:the patient complained [of back pains] • Official act sense of complain: we complained [to the manager] [about X] she complained [that her checks were late]
Argument omissibility • We would argue that the ordinary sense of give and the ‘contribute’ sense of give should be separated, since they differ in argument omissibility: • Do you want to meet the Red Cross representative? - I already gave. • Did you remember a present for your daughter’s birthday? - *I already gave.
If a verb has two different event noun derivatives, and they have different meanings that are also found in the verb, that verb should be described as polysemous.
Nominalization Differences • adhere to a belief: adherenceadhere to your skin: adhesion • observe a rule: observanceobserve the kids: observation • commit to a cause: commitmentcommit to an asylum: commitmentcommit a crime: commission • deliver a package: deliverydeliver sb. from danger: deliverance
Support verb differences with nominalizations • argue: quarrel sense associated with have an argument; reasoning sense with make an argument • commit: dedication sense associated with make a commitment; crime/sin sense & incarceration sense, no support verb • complain: symptom report: present a complaint; kvetch: no support verb; official: file a complaint, register a complaint
Lexical Field Membership • complain in medical context links with presént, symptoms, ailments, etc. • complain in official context links with charge, grievance, etc. • complain in informal context links with bitch, kvetch, gripe, whine, etc.
FN work: characterizing frames Let’s work through the Revenge frame.
The Revenge frame The Revenge concept involves a situation in which • A has done something to harm B and • B takes action to harm A in turn • B's action is carried out independently of any legal or other institutional setting
Vocabulary for Revenge • Nouns: revenge, vengeance, reprisal, retaliation • Verbs: avenge, revenge, retaliate (against), get back (at), get even (with), pay back • Adjectives: vengeful, vindictive
FN work: choosing FE names • We develop a descriptive vocabulary for the components of each frame, called frame elements (FEs). • We use FE names in labeling the constituents of sentences exhibiting the frame.
FEs for Revenge • Frame Definition: Because of some injury to something-or-someone important to an avenger (maybe himself), the avenger inflicts a punishment on the offender. The offender is the person responsible for the injury. • FE List: • avenger, • offender, • injury, • injured_party, • punishment.
D I G R E S S I O N • Notice that we use such situation-specific notions as injury, offender, etc., rather than limiting ourselves to some standard list of thematic roles, like agent, patient, goal, etc. • First, there aren’t enough of those to go around, and if we had squeeze all the distinctions we find into such a list, • we would waste too much time finding criteria to do the mapping, • and we would have to remember what decisions we’d made.
FEs for Revenge • Frame Definition: Because of some injury to something-or-someone important to an avenger (maybe himself), the avenger inflicts a punishment on the offender. The offender is the person responsible for the injury. • FE List: • avenger, • offender, • injury, • injured_party, • punishment.
Collecting examples • We extract from our corpus examples of sentences showing the uses of each word in the frame. • Our main corpus is the British National Corpus; we have recently added lots of newswire text from the Linguistic Data Consortium. Total about 200M running words.
Obviously we need to conduct a more regimented search, grouping examples with related structures.
Examples of simple use are swamped by the idiomatic phrase "with a vengeance".
FN work: annotating examples • We select sentences exhibiting common collocations and showing all major syntactic contexts. • Using the names assigned to FEs in the frame, we label the constituents of sentences that express these FEs. • The next slide shows what our software looks like.
sentences with avenge and “death”
annotators’ work space
core core core core core
FN work: summarizing results • Automatic processes summarize the results, linking FEs with information about their grammatical realization. • The output is presented in the form of various reports in the public website, in XML format in the data release.
