Introduction to FrameNet and Verb Knowledge Base

1. Introduction to FrameNetandVerb Knowledge Base Debasri Chakrabarti

2. Overview • FrameNet • Description • Examples • Verb Knowledge Base (VKB) • Description • Examples

3. Introduction to FrameNet • The Berkeley FrameNet project is a lexicon-building effort • study words • describe the frames or conceptual structures • examine sentences, using a very large corpus of contemporary English that contains these words • record the ways in which information from the associated frames are expressed in these sentences

4. Users of FrameNet • NLP researchers • word sense disambiguation • machine translation • information extraction • question answering • Lexicographers • Language teachers and advanced language learners

5. Typographic Conventions • first mention of a technical term appears in bold face • A semantic frame is a script-like structure. • names of Frames begin with a capital letter. • The Communication frame is used by numerous other frames. • example sentences set off from the text, target words are in bold face: • Bob told a story. • Constituents which represent frame elements are in square brackets: • [Bob] told [a story].

6. Frame • An intuitive construct that links between semantics and syntax • Schematic representations of situations involving various participants, each of which is a frame element • Semantic arguments: correspond to the frame elements of the frame associated with that word

7. Frame contd… • Every sense of every word (i.e., every lexical unit) has its own frame • Lexical units that have similar frame structure are clustered into groups • This allows • generalizations • to reduce effort

8. FrameNet • Theory-informed and data-driven • Elements of a frame are decided inductively • Example, revenge • the person who has taken revenge on somebody else (the Agent or the Avenger) • the act of taking revenge • the person who was injured by the offender's act (the Injured_Party), • the offensive act (the Injury)

9. FrameNet Annotation • Frame elements in the Revenge frame are- • Avenger, Punishment, Offender, Injury, and Injured_party • Lexical units in this frame include • avenge.v, avenger.n, retaliate.v, retaliation.n, retribution.n, retributive.a, retributory.a, revenge.v, revenge.n, revengeful.a, revenger.n, etc. • Example • [His brothers Avenger] avenged [him Injured_party].

10. Corpora • FrameNet 1 • The British National Corpus • FrameNet 2 • LDC North American Newswire corpora in American English along with BNC

11. Relation between FrameNet and WordNet • Similarities • Modeled after WordNet • Intention for FrameNet • to be both a dictionary and a thesaurus • Differences • FrameNet database is founded on corpus attestations • Differs from WordNet in recognizing relationships among words in a single frame that are of different parts of speech

12. Verbs in FrameNet • abash: cause to be embarrassed • FrameNet Entry • abash.v. (Experiencer_obj) Lexical entryAnnotation • Lexical Units abash.v, aggravate.v, aggrieve.v, alarm.v, amaze.v, anger.v, annoy.v, antagonize.v, astonish.v, astound.v, baffle.v, beguile.v, bewilder.v, bewitch.v, bore.v, calm.v.

13. Definitions • (Experiencer_obj) • Some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a particular emotion in an Experiencer. • Nightmare on Elm Street SCARED mesilly. • Experiencer [Exp] The Experiencer reacts emotionally or psychologically to the Stimulus.   • Horror films TERRIFY Edna.  • Stimulus [Stimulus] The Stimulus is the event or entity which brings about the emotional or psychological state of the Experiencer.        • The newsgreatly ALARMS all the women of the village.

14. Verbs in FrameNet

15. Verbs in FrameNet • abash.v • Frame: Experiencer_obj • It was firmly slapped from his hand by his mother, and ABASHED by her glare he turned away with the rest , to leave the accursed woman alone , abandoned , shunned like a leper. • ABASHED by this sarcasm, the crowd hung back while the dazed Chignell fetched the bath chair which had caused all the trouble, and lifted his master into it. • After the first shock he was in no way ABASHED by the grandeur of Stephen 's estate. • The house ABASHED me. • She was ABASHED at herself, her triteness.

16. Valence Patterns

17. Nouns in FrameNet • dance.n.N (Social_event) Lexical entryAnnotation • Social_event • Definition: • A Host gives a social event to honor someone (Honoree) or to celebrate an Occasion, at which Attendees are present. • Sue threw a PARTY in honor of Bob'sbirthday.

18. Definitions • Attendee [Att] is used for the people who come to the Social_event. • The whole group attended the PARTY.  • Honoree [Hon] The person for whom the Social_event is held. • I threw a PARTY for Josef. • Host [Host] is the person or organization that hosts the Social_event.   • Ron threw a PARTY.

19. Definitions • Occasion [Occ] The Occasion for which the Social_event is held. • Sue threw a PARTY in honor of Bob'sbirthday. • Refreshment [Ref] Refreshment is used for the meal, food or drinks that are served at the Social_event.      • I enjoy a tasteful dinner PARTY.  • Social_event [Soc] This identifies the Social_event itself.     • The department PICNIC was lots of fun.

20. Nouns in FrameNet • dance.n • Frame: Social_event • Definition a social gathering at which people dance. • Dozens of teenage volunteers were bussed in on Tuesday evening for a DANCEwith mentally and physically handicapped patients. • All this exciting news is soon forgotten by the announcement of a DANCE to be held in the local town hallin honour of the Commandos.

21. Nouns in FrameNet

22. Valence Patterns • These frame elements occur in the following syntactic patterns

23. Conclusion • Provides frames for- • Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Prepositions • Multi-word expressions are covered • Single sentences are annotated rather than running text • does not offer information about frequency of occurrence

24. Verb Knowledge Base (VKB) • English VKB • Hierarchy • Entry structure • Hindi VKB • Entry structure

25. English VKB • English VKB uses • Levin’s English verb classes and their alternation • the hypernymy hierarchy of WordNet • specifications and the knowledge base of the UNL system • British National Corpus (BNC)

26. Levin’s English verb classes and their alternation Syntactic behavior of a verb is semantically determined • Investigation of this hypothesis is made for about 3200 English verbs • 200 semantic classes of verbs • Verbs within a class share a number of alternations • Example classes: • verbs of putting, • verbs of communication, • correspond verbs etc.

27. "do” • ({icl>do(}agt>person,obj>thing,gol>place)) • [VTRANS,VOA-ACT] • "move” • ({icl>do(}agt>person,obj>thing,gol>place) • [VOA-ACT-BODLY,VOA-ACT-DLBRT,VOA-ACT-MOTN,VLTN] • "put” • (icl>move(agt>person,obj>thing,gol>place) • (NP-VP-NP-adv_plc{here/there}) • [] • ”arrange” • (icl>put{>move}(agt>person,obj>thing,gol>place (adv_plc{here/there}))) ”heap” • (icl>arrange{>put} (agt>person,obj>thing,gol>place (adv_plc{here/there}))) • pile Hierarchical Structure

28. Example of a Ditransitive Verb • Verb • Restriction • Semantic attributes • Example • Gloss • Sentence Frame • give • ({icl>do(}agt>person,gol>person,obj>thing)) • [VOA, VTRANS] • She gave mea book on my birthday. • to make a gift of • NP VP NPNP

29. Example of a Ditransitive Verb • give • ({icl>do(}agt>person,obj>thing,gol>person (prep{to}))) • [VOA, VTRANS] • She gave a bookto me on my birthday. • to make a gift of • NP VP NPPP {to}

30. Example of Ditransitive Verb • put • (icl>move(agt>person,obj>thing,gol> place(loc_prep{in/on/under/over}))) • [VOA, VTRANS] • Put your clothesin the cupboard. • to put something into a certain place • NP VP NPPP {in/on/under/over}

31. Example of an Intransitive Verb • fight • (icl>act(agt>person)) • [VOA, VINT] • He fought against racism. • to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something • NP VP

32. Example of an Ergative Verb • melt • (icl>dissolve{>liquefy}(obj>concrete thing)) • [VOO, VINT, ERG] • The ice melted. • to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid • NP VP

33. Transitive Counterpart of Ergative Structure • melt • (icl>make(agt>person,obj>concretething)) • [VOA, VTRANS] • She melted the ice. • to cause to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid • NP VP NP

34. Different Senses in Hindi VKB • लिखना • बच्चे लिख रहे हैं। (लिपिबद्ध करना) • उसने एक किताब लिखी। (प्रकाशित करना) • उसे जल्दी आने के लिए लिखो। (चिट्ठी लिखना)

35. Intransitive Verbs in Hindi VKB • बोलना • ((icl>speak(agt>person)) • [VINT,VOA,VOA-ACT] • बच्चा बोल रहा था। • मुँह से शब्द उच्चारण करना। • NP VP

36. Transitive Verbs in Hindi VKB • देखना • (icl>perceive(agt>person,obj>thing)) • [VTRANS,VOA,VOA-ACT] • वहचिड़िया देख रहा था। • आँखों से किसी चीज का ज्ञान प्राप्त करना। • NP VP NP

37. Causative Verbs • दिखाना • (icl>show{>do}(agt>person,gol>person, • obj>thing)) • [VTRANS,VOA,VOA-ACT, CAUSV] • उसनेमुझेएक नयाफूल दिखाया। • अवलोकन कराना। • NP VPNPNP.

38. Corpus help in Hindi VKB • पालना • हर माता पिता अपने बच्चे को अच्छे से पालते हैं। (परवरिश करना) • उसने एक मैना पाली। (पशु, पक्षी आदि को अपने पास रखना) • मन में गुस्सा मत पालो। (गुस्सा, द्वेष आदि मन में रखना)

39. Conclusion • VKB specifies • Subcategorization frame • Selectional Preferences • Thematic Roles • Hindi VKB • extensive use of corpora • hierarchical structure not present

40. Reference • http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~framenet/