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Arundo Donax The Giant Reed

Arundo Donax The Giant Reed. CONTENTS. WHAT IS ARUNDO DONAX ? HISTORY AND USES BIOLOGY INVASION POTENTIAL EXPERT SYSTEM IMPACT – Questions 1 – 4 INVASIVENESS – Questions 5 – 11 DISTRIBUTION – Questions 12 – 15 EFFECT OF FIRE – Questions 16 – 20 DATA AND GIS SOURCES PROPOSED ANALYSIS.

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Arundo Donax The Giant Reed

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  1. ArundoDonaxThe Giant Reed

  2. CONTENTS • WHAT IS ARUNDO DONAX? • HISTORY AND USES • BIOLOGY • INVASION POTENTIAL • EXPERT SYSTEM • IMPACT – Questions 1 – 4 • INVASIVENESS – Questions 5 – 11 • DISTRIBUTION – Questions 12 – 15 • EFFECT OF FIRE – Questions 16 – 20 • DATA AND GIS SOURCES • PROPOSED ANALYSIS

  3. What is Arundodonax? • Common Names: Giant Reed, Bamboo Reed, Spanish Reed, Spanish Cane, and Wild Cane • Description: Tall perennial grass; can grow 6 – 10 m in height. • Origin: Sub-continentalIndia • Indigenous to: Spain, Egypt, India, Nepal, Eurasia, eastern Asia, and the Mediterranean. • Habitat: Riparian areas; wetlands; coastal habitat • Dispersal: Spreads vegetatively through rhizomes. • Growth form: Hydrophyte; forms massive dense stands. B A https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arundo_donax_004.JPG; http://www.esa.org/esablog/ecology-in-policy/when-it-comes-to-invasive-species-can-we-learn-from-our-mistakes/

  4. History • Intentionally distributed around the world because of its many uses (Dudley 2000). • Does well in a Mediterranean-type climate. • Naturalized and invasive in many regions, including southern Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific Islands, South America, Australia, Southeast Asia, Mexico and the United States (Hafliger & Scholz 1981). • First detected in the USA in the 1850s (Herrera & Dudley 2003), and today is invasive in sub-tropical, temperate, arid and semi-arid regions of North America (Langeland & Burks 1998).

  5. Uses • Biofuel • Construction • Crafts • Woodwind instruments • Dimethyl-tryptimine http://www.flickr.com/photos/80686584@N03/7462269180/ http://www.worldsstrangest.com/drb/living-growing-architecture/ http://images.yourdictionary.com/chemist

  6. Biology • Hydrophyte. • Grows along lakes, streams, drains, and other wet sites. • Does not need a constant supply of water, and can grow on drier banks and roadsides. • Pale green to blue-green leaves. • Younger plants resemble the common reed Phragmitesaustralis. • Perennial C3 grass species • Stems may reach 10 metres in height. • Grows in large stands many metres wide, and contains hundreds of stems per stand • Does not produce viable seed in most areas where it has been introduced. • Reproduction occurs from rhizomes and stem fragments, usually carried by flood waters.

  7. Invasion potential • Globally invasive • Regions of Mediterranean type climate • Spreads vegetatively through rhizomes and stem fragments • Carried down river systems by floods • Why is it successful? http://cisr.ucr.edu/giant_reed_arundo.html

  8. Global Invasion

  9. Bioclim 2.5 Minute Niche Model

  10. CALIFORNIA • Large area - 40 393 400 ha or 403 934 sq km • California Floristic Province – a global biodiversity hotspot • Highest levels of diversity and endemism in the US • Variable vegetation types • Climate • Primary rivers and associated catchments and basins

  11. ArundodonaxExpert System • Overview of Arundodonax • Including the species classification; a species description; biology; distribution; reproduction and dispersal; habitat types • Overview of the state of California in terms of: • Biodiversity; climate; vegetation and important ecosystems

  12. Questions 1 – 4 focus on the impact of Arundodonax • Q1: What is the impact on abiotic ecosystem process? • Q2: What is the impact on plant community composition, structure, and interactions? • Q3: What is the impact on higher trophic levels? • Q4: What is the impact on genetic diversity?

  13. Questions 5 – 11 look at the invasiveness of Arundodonax • Q5: What is the role of anthropogenic and natural disturbance in the establishment of Arundodonax? • Q6: What is the local rate of spread without management? • Q7: What is the recent trend in the total area infested within California? • Q8: What is Arundodonax’sinnate reproductive potential? • Q9: What is the potential for human caused dispersal? • Q10: What is the potential for natural long-distance dispersal? • Q11: Which other regions have been invaded by Arundodonax?

  14. Questions 12 – 15 look at Arundodonaxdistribution • Q12: Where is Arundodonaxdistributed and where is its peak frequency? • Q13: What is the extent of invasion in the United States? • Q14: In what type of vegetation does the species occur in its home range? • Q15: Is Arundodonaxa habitat specialist in its home environment?

  15. Questions 16 – 20 look at the effects of fire • Q16: Is intense fire a prominent characteristic of the home environment and does the area have a fire adapted biota? • Q17: Does fire play a role in dispersal? • Q18: What is the typical fire return time in the home environment?

  16. Data Sources • LOCATION DATA • GBIF – http://data.gbif.org/species/2703041/ • CALFLORA - http://www.calflora.org/ • Cal-IPC - http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_consort.pl • SPATIAL DATA • DIVA-GIS – variety of shapefiles and bioclim data sets • Cal-Atlas: Geospatial Clearing House - http://atlas.ca.gov/download.html

  17. Preliminary model - California

  18. Analysis • Look at extent of invasion globally and locally • Point data into grid data to look at different indexes of diversity (e.g. species richness) • Climate Modelling using DIVA-GIS and the bioclim 10min current and future climate data sets • Mapping endangered species occurrences and correlating with Arundodistribution models (will use target species such as amphibians, fish and riparian vegetation) • This will enable one to map priority levels for management decisions.

  19. Accessability • Blog • Datasets and metadata • Final project • Expert system • Links • GIS Glossary

  20. References • Bell, G.P. (1997) Ecology and management of Arundodonax, and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in southern California. Plant invasions: studies from North America and Europe. (eds J.H. Brock, M. Wade, P. Pyšek & D. Green), pp. 103-113. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. • Bromilow, C. (2001) Problem plants of South Africa – a guide to identification and control of more than 300 invasive plants and other weeds. Briza Publications, Pretoria. • Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. [web application]. 2013. Berkeley, California: The CalfloraDatabase [a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/ (Accessed: Jun 02, 2013) • DiTomaso, J.M. 1998. Biology and ecology of giant reed. Proc., Arundo and saltcedar workshop. Las Vegas, NV; Iverson, M.E. 1998. Effects of Arundodonax on water resources. CalEPPC News 6:10-11 • Dudley, T. 2000. Arundodonax. In, Invasive Plants of CaliforniasWildlands. Eds., C. Bossard, J. Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. UC Press, Berkeley; Team Arundo Del Norte, www.teamarundo.org/index.html; • Hoshovsky, M. 1986. Arundodonax. The Nature Conservancy Elements of Stewardship Abstract. Tncweeds.ucdaivs.edu/esadocs/arundona.html; also much observational data (T. Dudley, C. Bossard, J. DiTomaso, etc.) • Langeland, K.A. & Burks, K.C. (1998) Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida’s natural areas. IFAS Distribution Centre, University of Gainesville, Florida. • Perdue, RE, (1958). Arundodonax—Source of musical reeds and industrial cellulose, Economic Botany 12: 368–404. • http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/california_hotspot/overview.htm • http://www.natureserve.org/images/caPlantRichness.jpg • http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/biodiversity/evolution.html

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