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Discover the origin of Earth's water through comets and asteroids. Learn about the water cycle, groundwater, hydroelectric power, and future water resources. Follow new space missions investigating the asteroid belt for evidence. Stay informed about natural resources shaping our world.

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  1. FREE BOOKS Take one home today! SEE TABLE IN BACK

  2. Natural Resources of North America Our World, Our Resources

  3. Natural Resources of North America Our World, Our Resources

  4. Natural Resources of North America Week 1 – Geology Creates Resources Our World, Our Resources Week 2 – Our Forest Resources Week 3 – Our Rock & Mineral Resources Week 4 – Our Hydrocarbon Resources Week 5 – Our Water Resources Our Water Resources Week 6 – Our Resources in ‘Google’

  5. Our Water Resources Origin of Water on Earth • Origin of Water on Earth • The Water Cycle • Groundwater & Aquifers • Groundwater vs Surface Water • Uses Of Water • Energy from Water • Hydroelectric Power • Geothermal Energy • Future of Water Origin of Water on Earth

  6. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? oxygen hydrogen hydrogen

  7. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? oxygen hydrogen hydrogen two stable isotopes of hydrogen

  8. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? H2O If the hydrogen atom has a single proton in the nucleus; isotope is called 1H p+ p+ two stable isotopes of hydrogen

  9. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? H2O If hydrogen nucleus includes a neutron, 1H 1H p+ this isotope is called “heavy hydrogen” 2H or Deuterium (D) p+ n0 p+ D two stable isotopes of hydrogen

  10. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? H2O HDO 1H 1H p+ p+ n0 p+ 1H D two stable isotopes of hydrogen

  11. Origin of Water on Earth What is water? H2O HDO 1H 1H p+ p+ n0 p+ 1H D almost all water on Earth is H2O this is ‘semi-heavy’ water! Why is this important?

  12. Origin of Water on Earth • Longstanding Scientific Theory: • - Earth experienced a bombardment • of massive objects about 4BYA • - these objects may have delivered • huge reservoirs of water on impact • - COMETS, with their ice tails, may • be these objects Why is this important?

  13. Origin of Water on Earth • Longstanding Scientific Theory: • - Earth experienced a bombardment • of massive objects about 4BYA • - these objects may have delivered • huge reservoirs of water on impact • - COMETS, with their ice tails, may • be these objects 1997: the Hale-Bopp Comet flies by! COMETS Were COMETS the delivery mechanism? Why is this important?

  14. Origin of Water on Earth • Longstanding Scientific Theory: • - Earth experienced a bombardment • of massive objects about 4BYA • - these objects may have delivered • huge reservoirs of water on impact • - COMETS, with their ice tails, may • be these objects Z Hypothesis: If earth’s water came from comets, water in comets should be H2O 1997: the Hale-Bopp Comet flies by! RESULT: comet’s water is primarily HDO Earth X Experiment: Scientists examine water in Hale-Bopp comet using millimeter waves Y

  15. Origin of Water on Earth 1997: the Hale-Bopp Comet flies by! H2O Hypothesis: If earth’s water came from comets, water in comets should be H2O Conclusion: “study of Hale-Bopp comet suggests that comets did not give Earth its water” HDO 1H 1H RESULT: comet’s water is primarily HDO p+ Earth p+ n0 p+ D 1H Experiment: Scientists examine water in Hale-Bopp comet using millimeter waves

  16. Origin of Water on Earth NEW 1997: the Hale-Bopp Comet flies by! • Longstanding Scientific Theory: • - Earth experienced a bombardment • of massive objects about 4BYA • - these objects may have delivered • huge reservoirs of water on impact • - COMETS, with their ice tails, may • be these objects H2O Conclusion: “study of Hale-Bopp comet suggests that comets did not give Earth its water” HDO 1H 1H p+ ASTEROIDS p+ n0 p+ D New space missions are probing the asteroid belt for evidence of this hypothesis 1H RESULT: comet’s water is primarily HDO

  17. Origin of Water on Earth NEW • Longstanding Scientific Theory: • - Earth experienced a bombardment • of massive objects about 4BYA • - these objects may have delivered • huge reservoirs of water on impact • - COMETS, with their ice tails, may • be these objects Jan 22, 2014: Hershel Space Observatory (European Space Agency) detected water vapor in asteroid belt on Ceres TODAY: NASA spacecraft DAWN is on its way to Ceres Jan 2014 NATURE article on back table ASTEROIDS New space missions are probing the asteroid belt for evidence of this hypothesis

  18. Origin of Water on Earth ? Jan 22, 2014: Hershel Space Observatory (European Space Agency) detected water vapor in asteroid belt on Ceres TODAY: NASA spacecraft DAWN is on its way to Ceres COMETS ASTERIODS EARTH DAWN SUN ETA: Spring 2015 CERES New space missions are probing the asteroid belt for evidence of this hypothesis keep watching the news!

  19. Our Water Resources The Water Cycle • Origin of Water on Earth • The Water Cycle • Groundwater & Aquifers • Groundwater vs Surface Water • Uses Of Water • Energy from Water • Hydroelectric Power • Geothermal Energy • Future of Water The Water Cycke

  20. The Water Cycle Hydrologic “The continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere: between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.” ? hydrosphere The combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet Storing & moving water!

  21. The Water Cycle <2% <0.001% ICE/SNOW ATMOSPHERE “The continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere: between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.” ? hydrosphere How much in each store How water moves Where water is stored <0.1% The combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet FRESHWATER OCEANS <2% 96% Storing & moving water! GROUNDWATER

  22. atmosphere How water moves evaporation EVAPORATION water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor freshwater EVAPOTRANPIRATION evaporation of groundwater & transpiration by plants Ocean water

  23. atmosphere EVAPOTRANPIRATION evaporation of groundwater & transpiration by plants

  24. atmosphere evapotranspiration biosphere SUBLIMATION ice/snow changes directly into water vapor EVAPOTRANPIRATION evaporation of groundwater & transpiration by plants

  25. atmosphere water vapor ? sublimation solid or liquid water SUBLIMATION ice/snow changes directly into water vapor CONDENSATION Water vapor changes to liquid water

  26. atmosphere condensation CONDENSATION Water vapor changes to liquid water PRECIPITATION Water vapor changes to liquid water

  27. atmosphere precipitation PRECIPITATION Water vapor changes to liquid water ? groundwater

  28. INFILTRATION surface water moves below ground Some surface water runs off to rivers, lakes, oceans surface runoff infiltration ? groundwater

  29. Our Water Resources Groundwater & Aquifers • Origin of Water on Earth • The Water Cycle • Groundwater & Aquifers • Groundwater vs Surface Water • Uses Of Water • Energy from Water • Hydroelectric Power • Geothermal Energy • Future of Water Groundwater & Aquifers groundwater

  30. Groundwater & Aquifers Factors affecting Process of infiltration Process of Infiltration evapotranspiration Factors affecting Unsaturated Zone  AQUIFER Saturated Zone below the water table (Ground water)

  31. Groundwater & Aquifers Factors affecting Process of infiltration Porosity & Permeability • PRECIPITATION: amount, intensity, duration • LAND COVER: contributes to infiltration or runoff • Vegetation: slows runoff, encourages seep • Impervious Surfaces: speeds runoff • SLOPE OF LAND: steep slope greater runoff • SOIL SATURATION: soil saturated by previous rain • won’t absorb much more: surface runoff • SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: soil absorption varies • Clays: absorb less water, slower rate • more overland runoff • Sands: absorb more water, faster rate • less loss of water to ground storage Why?

  32. Groundwater & Aquifers Porosity & Permeability open space (pores) in sediments or rocks depends on grain size, grain shape, sorting, cementation FINE COARSE sand (sandstone) clay (shale) IRREGULAR ROUND HiGH POROSITY LOW POROSITY UNSORTED SORTED

  33. Groundwater & Aquifers Porosity & Permeability interconnectivity of pores & size of the interconnections sand (sandstone) clay (shale) LOW POROSITY HiGH POROSITY PERMEABLE IMPERMEABLE

  34. Groundwater & Aquifers Porosity & Permeability Why is this important? sea shells (limestone) sand (sandstone) clay (shale) POROUS? LOW POROSITY HiGH POROSITY PERMEABLE IMPERMEABLE PERMEABLE?

  35. Groundwater & Aquifers Porosity & Permeability Why is this important? sea shells (limestone) sand (sandstone) clay (shale) LOW POROSITY HIGH POROSITY LOW PERMEABILITY x ? SATURATED ZONE  AQUIFER

  36. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: HIGH POROSITY HIGH PERMEABILITY SATURATED ZONE  AQUIFER

  37. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: drawdown

  38. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: drawdown A well can lower the water table cone of depression

  39. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: drawdown A well can lower the water table Excessive drawdown can cause a well to ‘go dry’

  40. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: sinkholes drawdown SATURATED ZONE A well can lower the water table Excessive drawdown can cause a well to ‘go dry’

  41. Groundwater & Aquifers potential problems: sinkholes SATURATED ZONE large solution cavity develops in limestone overlying material can’t support its weight

  42. Groundwater & Aquifers Two Types of potential problems: sinkholes SATURATED ZONE large solution cavity develops in limestone overlying material can’t support its weight

  43. Two Types of Aquifers unconfined aquifer permeable layers above impermeable (confining) layer below

  44. Two Types of Aquifers unconfined   aquifers  confined unconfined aquifer permeable layer above confining layer below permeable layers above Impermeable (confining) layer below

  45. Two Types of Aquifers unconfined   aquifers  confined How long does it take? permeable layer above confining layer above confining layer below confining layer below

  46. Two Types of Aquifers Relative Groundwater Travel Times How long does it take? RECHARGE (precipitation) DISCHARGE (stream)

  47. Relative Groundwater Travel Times recharge discharge STREAM surface WELL unconfined aquifer confining layer water table confining layer confined aquifer confined aquifer

  48. Relative Groundwater Travel Times What are the options? well goes dry from excessive drawdown STREAM WELL years days centuries millenia

  49. What are the options? well goes dry from excessive drawdown 1) abandon & drill new well in aquifer 1) abandon & drill new well in aquifer 2) drill original well to a deeper aquifer X WELL How can we pick the best location? centuries millenia

  50. What are the options? well goes dry from excessive drawdown 1) abandon & drill new well in aquifer 2) drill original well to a deeper aquifer WELL 3-dimensional examination of subsurface using electro-magnetic signals from surface Imaging geometry, aquifer quality and depth to the base of the aquifer How can we pick the best location? Click here : Utube video finding drill locations for groundwater millenia

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