Bed Bug Biology and Control [ Revised: 12 / 10 / 2oo8 ]

1. BedBug Biology and Control [ Revised: 12 / 10 / 2oo8 ]

2. Taxonomic Hierarchy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta ( = Hexapoda ) Order: Hemiptera ( Sub-Order: Heteroptera ) Family: Cimicidae Genus: Cimex Species: lectularius Scientific Name: CimexlectulariusL. Common Name: theCommon Bed Bug

3. Adult Male -C. lectularius(L.)

4. Adult Female - Engorged

5. Description Small – 3/16 inch long, oval, flat, reddish brown insects True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae Vestigial wings & a thin coat of fine golden hairs Give off a distinctive “musty, sweetish” odor Partly digested blood in feces causes “rusty” spots Males – pointed abdomen Females – rounded abdomen

6. Dorsal View – Head & Thorax

7. Ventral View - Head & Thorax

8. Pictorial Key To ID Bed Bugs

9. BedBug(Common)vs. BatBug(Eastern)C. lectularius L. vs.C. adjunctus Barber

10. Biology Feed only on Blood – Mammals or Birds Attach small (1 mm long ) whitish eggs to surfaces in harborages where the bugs hide in loose clusters 5 Nymphal instars ( Need >1 blood meal each instar ) Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in ‘good’ conditions [ 75-80% RH; 83-90o F ] Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime Adults can survive >1 yr. w/o feeding [ Nymphs 3-4 mo.] Mating – “Traumatic” Insemination

11. Feeding - Several Instars

12. Engorging Adults & N - 2

13. Engorged Nymphs - 1 & 2

14. Eggs and Droppings

15. Viable Eggs

16. “Rusty Spots” on Bedding

17. Bed Bugs & Rusty Spots on Sheet

18. Adult Bed Bugs Mating

19. Medical Importance - Found naturally infected w/ >28 human pathogens - Never proven to transmit any human disease - Several species feed on humans (including: Common & Tropical Bed Bugs, Bat Bugs, & Poultry Bugs - Salivary proteins cause “sensitivity” to repeated bites by large numbers of bed bugs --5stages: no reaction; delayed reaction; both immediate & delayed; immediate reaction only; & finally, no reaction -- True hypersensitivity can develop (but it is reversible) - Serious social stigma to “having” an infestation

20. Feeding a “Rearing Jar”

21. ImmediateBite Reactions

22. Severe Bed Bug Bite Reactions (C. lectularius) - on a human arm - on a leg

23. DelayedReactions (> 24 hrs.)

24. Habits ( Behavior ) - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT ‘social’ - Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams, etc. - Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min. - “Prefer” humans but feed on other hosts, too - Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed - Feed every few days if hosts available - Often void part of previous meal while feeding - Can remain fully active at <45oF [ if acclimated for 24 hrs at < 60o F ]

25. Bed BugsHave Thin, Flat Bodies

26. Some Control Strategies - Thorough survey & accurate ID - Educate customers ( may take > 1 visit ) - Sanitation will NOT eliminate them - Initial vacuuming (mattresses, beds, harborages ) - Treat harborages w/ properly labeled residual -- try to not use highly repellent materials - Dust electrical boxes, voids (maybe seal them shut ) - Seal harborages shut (pref. silicone-based sealant ) - Consider physical barriers if appropriate - Sticky monitors ( may detect continued presence) Note: Uncover their bottom sticky areas ( this may catch bugs crawling underneath these )

27. Bed Bug & Rusty Spots on a Sheet

28. Survey Sites: Bed Frames, Night Stands

29. Mattress (especially seams)

30. Upholstered Chairs

31. Upholstered Chairs(3)

32. Window Curtains and Frames

33. WhenTreating “Think in 3-D” 1. If you treat along part of a baseboard – remember . . the bed bugs mayalreadybe (or cango) into or through wall voids, along pipes, or through air vent passages to rooms on either side, above, or below. 2. Consider concurrently treating the same identical “spots” a. On the other side of the common wall b. Along the wall-ceiling edges of rooms below

34. Some “Newer” Techniques & Products 1. Gentrol™ labeled for Bed Bugs 2. Heat Treatments ( Whole-House, Batch, Room ) 3. Steaming – Mattresses, or Beds, etc. 4. Phantom™ (Chlorfenapyr) labeled to control ants / roaches; indoor ‘crack-and-crevice’ 5. Baygon™ (propoxur) aerosol is labeled for ‘crack-and-crevice’ treatments 6. Encase Mattress & Pillows in special covers 7. Permethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h) 8. Silica gel – powder/ residual (e.g., in Tri-Die ™)

35. Heat Treatments(esp. in Batches)

36. Steaming Furniture

37. Bedding Encasements

38. A New preventiveSelf-Help Treatment for Luggage

39. “Fumigation- type” treatments 1. “Whole structure” fumigation will eliminate bugs present within treated areas, but . . . . . a. This is seldomeconomicallypractical. b. There is noresidual protection. 2. The same things are true for . . . a. “Batch” or “Single-Room” Fumigations, b.Heat treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room), and c.Cold treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room). d.Steam treatments (mattress, box spring,etc.).

40. A New Practical Reference( Dec., 2007 )for PMPs & the Public Available for purchase at: www.techletter.com Currently: $ 67.00 (U.S.)

41. Bed Bug Detection Dogs

42. Multi-Attractant Traps (new technology, 2-e.g.) Cimex Detection CaseTM NightwatchTM

43. Questions?

44. Note:The following slides are included for possible use in a presentation, or they may simply be omitted ( or maybe just not shown ).

45. Evidence of Resurgence Snetsinger: “. Bed bugs may actually cause slums . . . (Busvine 1951); today (1997) specimens are unavailable for classes & few young entomologists have seen an infestation . .” [ Mallis 8th ed.; p.399 ] Kreuger’s: “Don’t get Bitten by the resurgence of Bed Bugs,” PestContr. 68 (3): 58-64 ( Mar. 2000 ). NPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 18 states & DC [ Library Update, Sept. 2001 ] NPMA: >600 infestations confirmed; 49 states, DC , 4 Provinces CAN., & 4 states MEX. ( Aug., 2007 ) Orkin has treated bed bugs in 49 states ( Jun., 2008 )

46. Possible Factors In Bed Bug Resurgence 1. Greater human mobility 2. Less use of any residuals – last 15 + yrs 3. Significant switch to baits for roaches & ants (1980s) 4. Many PMPs are still not very familiar w/ bed bugs - inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete treatment 5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are repellent - bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in deep cracks) - harborages easy to miss in first survey - bugs may detect & avoid residual treatments - bug pop. often “split” or move from such treatments 6. People may call any unknown bite - “bed bugs”

47. A FewSuggestedReferences(a.) Blow, J., M. Turell, A. Silverman, and E. Walker.2001. Stercorial shedding and transstadial transmission of Hepatitis B virus by common bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 38(5): 694-700. Cabrera, B., and C. K. Heinsohn.2006. InstantSymposium : Not letting the bed bugs bite. AmericanEntomologist. 52 (2): 98-121. [Includes title article plus nine (9) more short articles as presented by other authors at the E.S.A. National Meetings in Ft. Lauderdale, FL; Dec., 2005. ] Cooper, R. and H. Harlan.2004. Chap. 8. Ectoparasites, Part three: Bed Bugs & Kissing Bugs. pp. 494-529, In 9th ed. Mallis’ Handbook of Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed. dir.). GIE Publ, Inc., Cleveland, OH. Doggett, S.2006. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia. Australian Environmental Pest Managers Assn., Ltd., NSW, Australia. 54 pp. See: www.aepma.com.au

48. A FewSuggestedReferences(b.) Doggett, S., M. Geary, and R. Russell.2004. The resurgence of bed bugs in Australia: With notes on their ecology and control. Environ. Health, 4(2): 30-38. Harlan, H., M. Faulde, and G. Baumann. 2008. Chap. 4. Bed Bugs, pp.131-151 [In ] Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. [Bonnefoy, X., H. Kampen, & K. Sweeney, (eds.)]. WHO Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. Hwang, S., T. Svoboda, I. DeJong, K. Kabasele, and E. Gogosis.2005. Bed Bug infestation in an urban environment. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 11(4): 533-538 (Apr.) Jupp, P., R. Purcell, M. Shapiro, and J. Gerin.1991. Attempts to transmit Hepatitis B virus to chimpanzees by arthropods. S. Afr. Med. J., 79: 320-322. Potter, M.2004. Your Guide to bed bugs. PCT Mag. Vol. 32(8). [A special 6-page “pull out” section between pages 12 and 13 of the Aug., 2004 issue].

49. A Few Suggested References(c.) Snetsinger, R.1997. Chap. 9. Bed Bugs & Other Bugs. pp. 392-424, In 8th ed. Mallis’ Handbook of Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed.). GIE Publ, Inc., Cleveland, OH. Technical Guide (TG) # 44. 2007. Bed Bugs – Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies. AFPMB, www.afpmb.org . Usinger, R.1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thos. Say Foundation, Vol. VII, Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD. WHO.1982. Vector Control Series. VI. Bed Bugs. World Health Organization. WHO/VBC/82.857. 9 pp.

50. A FewSuggestedWeb Sites These sites can be “searched” for more details, images, etc. about Bed Bugs. Armed Forces Pest Mgt. Board:www.afpmb.org National Pest Management Assn.: www.pestworld.org PCT Magazine web site.www.pctonline.com Pest Management Professional web site. www.pestcontrolmag.com( formerly = Pest Control) The Univ. ofKY Extension Entomology web site. www.uky.edu/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm Coopers’ PestSolutionswww.cooperpest.com Or, Search for “bed bugs” on www.Google.com [ Note - some “facts” on some websites are wrong !! ]