Cultural Conflicts

1. Cultural Conflicts Angela Brown Chapter 11 http://arberday.tripod.com/jillart/1920.jpg

2. 18th Amendment took effect Jan. 16, 1920 – Prohibition • Many disregarded the Amendment. • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/faces/prohibition%2520raid.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/faces/prohibition.html&h=585&w=720&sz=106&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=XwZTZIawGKyRfM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprohibition%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

3. Prohibition • Volstead Act 1919 passed to enforce the 18th Amendment. • Ignored by cities of East Coast • (NY 5% obeyed) (Kansas 95%) • Prohibition sharpened the contrast between urban and rural moral values during 1920’s. • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prohibition.osu.edu/ProhParty/images/Frontis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prohibition.osu.edu/ProhParty/index.htm&h=225&w=300&sz=22&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=Ops3UAiaAKsG-M:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprohibition%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

4. Bootlegging • Bootlegger – new criminal, supplied America with alcohol • Had been drinkers who hid flasks of liquor in leg of boots. • Some smuggled whiskey from Caribbean and Canada. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ Prohibition.jpg/350px-Prohibition.jpg

5. Others operated stills (made alcohol from corn, grain, potatoes, etc.) • Many customers owned speakeasies – illegal bars – restricted entrance (membership card – recognition by guard) • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chicagobarproject.com/Features/Speakeasy4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.chicagobarproject.com/Features/FormerSpeakeasies.htm&h=225&w=310&sz=13&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=lN4Zjpd7qTWwHM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspeakeasies%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

6. Organized Crime • Successful bootleggers expanded into other illegal activities (gambling, prostitution, racketeering) • “racket” local businesses were forced to pay a fee for “protection” • refused to pay = gunned down, business bombed – 157 bombs one year in Chicago

7. Al Capone • Racket reached every neighborhood, police station, and government offices • Nicknamed “scarface” murdered way to top of Chicago’s organized crime network in 1925 • $60 million a year from bootlegging alone • http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/scrp/1054~Al-Capone-Posters.jpg

8. Bought police, city officials, politicians, judges • J. Edgar Hoover led (FBI) against organized crime. • 1931 finally convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison. • Bootlegging remained a problem until 1933. • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://crimemagazine.com/images/Hoover-JEdgar-1961.jpg&imgrefurl=http://crimemagazine.com/05/jedgarhoover,0719-5.htm&h=400&w=300&sz=48&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=rBtArORO-ozxdM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJ.%2Bedgar%2BHoover%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

9. Issues of Religion • Fundamentalism • Should schools teach biblical version of creation or the theory of evolution? • Many traditional beliefs came from several directions: • Science and tech larger role in everyday life • War caused people to question God’s existence • Some scholars stated the bible a document written by humans containing contradictions and historical inaccuracies

10. Religious traditionalist published (12) pamphlets called The Fundamentals = Fundamentalism • Argued the bible inspired by God and cannot contain contradictions or errors, bible literally; true, and every story took place as described • Billy Sunday – preached 300 revivals to 100 million • Aimee Semple McPherson, Founder of the Angelus Temple – owned radio station – preached.

11. Evolution and the Scopes Trial • Theory of Evolution – human beings and all other living species developed over time from simple life forms • Fundamentalists worked for passage of laws to prevent public schools from teaching evolution. • Scopes Trial – TN Science Teacher challenged ban of theory as unconstitutional • Battle between William Jennings Bryan (prosecutor) and Clarence Darrow (defended Eugene Debs)

12. Trial broadcast on mass media • Bryan forced to testify as bible expert that even he did not interpret all of bible literally • Fundamentalists saw Bryan as a martyr – exhausted from battle, died a few days after trial • Modernist saw Darrow as a defender of science and reason • Trial a setback for fundamentalist – movement continued to grow

13. Racial Tensions • Violence Against African Americans • 1919 “Red Summer” – race riots in 25 cities • bloodiest – Chicago – White’s threw rocks at black boy who floated into the white’s only section of Lake Michigan – the boy drowned • 13 days; 23 African Americans – 15 whites dead, 537 wounded, 1000 blacks homeless • lynching and Ku Klux Klan continued

14. Revival of the Klan • 1922 Klan membership 100,000 • 1924 4 million members (Indiana largest pop.) • Night rides beating, whipping, killing – African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants • 1925 head of IN Klan life in prison for assaulting a girl – she later killed herself – nation shocked into action • 1927 Klan activity diminished again.

15. Fighting Discrimination • violence rallied (NAACP) – worked in vain to pass anti-lynching laws • lynching decreased to ten per year by 1929 (improved state law enforcement) • Continued to fight to protect voting rights

16. The Garvey Movement • Marcus Garvey had movement who dreamed of new homeland to live in peace (from Jamaica) • Universal Negro Improvement Association. (UNIA) – build up self-respect and economic power http://www.english.uiuc.edu/Maps/poets/a_f/dumas/garvey.jpg

17. Urged African Americans to return to “Motherland Africa”. • $10 million “Black Star” to back to Motherland. • 1925 Garvey jailed = fraud – UNIA collapsed • Garvey’s ideas inspiration to “black pride” movement.