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LIF101 Anatomy

LIF101 Anatomy. Lecture 3: The Spine and Rib Cage. The Spine. A.K.A. vertebral column Curved column of 24 vertebrae Functions: Supports the trunk and head Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Four-arch curve 2 posterior curves 2 anterior curves. Precision of balance provided by:.

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LIF101 Anatomy

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  1. LIF101Anatomy Lecture 3: The Spine and Rib Cage

  2. The Spine • A.K.A. vertebral column • Curved column of 24 vertebrae • Functions: • Supports the trunk and head • Surrounds and protects the spinal cord • Four-arch curve • 2 posterior curves • 2 anterior curves

  3. Precision of balance provided by: • Firm root in the pelvis • Variation of size and segments according to their loads • Ingenious 4 arch curve supports rib cage

  4. Vertebra(e) • Bones that form the spinal column • Size and shape vary, depending on function and load • Three types of vertebrae • cervical (7) • thoracic (12) • lumbar (5) • Plus two more bones: the sacrum and coccyx

  5. Sacrum is a spade-shaped bone • Bends convexly backward • Wedged between two iliac bones of the pelvis • COCCYX (tail bone) • G. kokkux, cuckoo • Look for sacral triangle landmark

  6. Know the Parts of a Vertebra Body: the large central mass which yields broad upper and lower surfaces for articulation with adjoining vertabrae. • Articulation = connection between bones

  7. Vertabral Foramen • Vertebral foramen • Foramen: an opening or passage – in this case, • Spinal cord passes through this opening

  8. Articular processes engage in a mechanical locking operation • 2 transverse processesare deep and serve as muscularattachments • « Spinal gutters » contain long muscles of the spine

  9. Prominent Landmark • One • Spinous Process • An important visual feature to notice while drawing

  10. C-7 is quite prominent at the nape of the neck Visible Spinous Processes

  11. C-7 reaches to the surface to become a landmark • VERTEBRA PROMINENS

  12. Intervertebral disks • Disk-shaped pads of fibro-cartilage between vertebrae • Serve as cushions/shock absorbers for spine • Allow flexing, extension and some lateral movement • Flatten slightly throughout the day • No intervertebral disk between C1 and C2.

  13. Cervical Vertebrae • Seven vertebrae of neck (cervical = “of the neck”) • Smallest, lightest vertebrae, with most flexible joints • Provide support and movement of head • C1 = atlas • C2 = axis • C7 = vertebra prominens

  14. Atlas and Axis are unique • The Atlas supports the skull. It is a ring of bone. It allows us to nod our head. • The Axis is a blunt tooth–like process that projects upward. • It has a ‘Dens’ (Latin for ‘tooth’) that provides a type of pivot and collar allowing the head and atlas to rotate around the dens.

  15. Thoracic Vertebrae • 12 total • Thoracic = “of the thorax” • Articulate with ribs • Thoracic vertebrae are considered part of the thorax

  16. Lumbar Vertebrae • 5 total • Lumbar region, a.k.a. “small” of back • Largest, thickest vertebrae; they support the most weight

  17. Sacrum • 5 separate pieces in cartilagenous infant skeleton • Fuse to form one solid bone in adults • Forms posterior wall of pelvis • Sacral foramina

  18. Sacrum • Sacrum of 14 to 16 month old baby • In children, it consists of usually five un-fused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16–18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26.

  19. Coccyx • A.K.A. tailbone • 4 separate bones in cartilagenous infant skeleton • Fuse to form 1 solid coccyx in adults

  20. Rib Cage • A.K.A. thoracic cage • Includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilage • Protects contents of chest cavity and supports trunk muscles • Costosternal joints • Costovertebral joints • Thoracic arch

  21. Costosternal Joints • Connect the ribs to the sternum

  22. Thoracic Arch

  23. Ribs • 12 pairs of ribs • 7 true ribs • 5 false ribs (including 2 floating ribs) • Head of rib articulates with vertebra • Ribs move as a unit to accommodate breathing • Intercostal spaces = (spaces between ribs)

  24. Lateral View of ribcage: angle of thoracic arch: 90 degrees in males; 60 degrees in females

  25. False and Floating Ribs • False rib: One of the last 5 pairs of ribs. A rib is said to be "false" if it does not attach to the sternum (the breast bone). • All 12 pairs of ribs attach to the building blocks of the spine (vertebrae) in the back. The 12 pairs of ribs consist of: • True ribs: The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true (or sternal) ribs. • False ribs: The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs. • The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them. The last two (#11 and 12) are false ribs. They have no ventral attachment (no anchor at all in front) and are called floating ribs.

  26. Sternum • A.K.A. breastbone • Lies in anterior midline of thorax • Three parts: • Manubrium (L. handle) • Body • Xiphoid process (L. sword) • Surface landmarks • Jugular notch • Sternal angle (a.k.a. angle of Louis)

  27. Manubrium • Broad, upper part of the sternum • Quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly • Articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs.

  28. Manubrialsternal Joint • A ridge where the manubrium and the body of the sternum meet • Raised horizontal ridge located at the second rib joint

  29. Xiphoid Process • Xiphoid means “sword-shaped” • May be bone or cartilage • Apex of thoracic arch • “Pit” of stomach, where heartburn often occurs

  30. Peter Paul Rubens, Study of Christ Figure, c.1600

  31. Michelangelo, “Youth Beckoning,” c. 1510

  32. Pontormo, ControppostoStudies, about 1510

  33. Xiphoid Process creates a small pit

  34. Jugular Notch • Fossa

  35. Jugular Notch • Located on the Manubrium Forms a “pit” in the Neck • Erogenous zone • Vulnerable target for finger strikes in martial arts (Jiu-Jitsu).

  36. Sternal Angle • Known as the “Angle of Louis” • Sternum is (NOT a 90 degree angle) • Not perpendicular to the ground plane • Actually a slight diagonal: 140 degrees • Lies between the Manubrium and the Xiphoid process

  37. Review of Surface Landmarks • Spinous processes of vertebrae (especially C7) • Ribs (usually false ribs are more apparent.) • Thoracic arch • Location of xiphoid process (often appears as a pit.) • Jugular notch • Sternal angle (or Angle of Louis)

  38. Assignments • Reading: • Peck: Pages 22 – 33 • HOMEWORK: RIB DRAWING

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