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Unit I 1300-1607

Unit I 1300-1607. Part I The Native Americans. Origins of the Native Americans. AKA Amerindians Most believe that the New World was populated by immigrants who crossed over Beringia (land mass now covered by the Bering Strait) more than 40,000 years ago.

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Unit I 1300-1607

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  1. Unit I 1300-1607 Part I The Native Americans

  2. Origins of the Native Americans • AKA Amerindians • Most believe that the New World was populated by immigrants who crossed over Beringia (land mass now covered by the Bering Strait) more than 40,000 years ago. • Migrated to tip of S. America by 8,000 BC

  3. World Map and the Bering Strait

  4. Beringia under water 10,000 years ago • The early immigrants were hunters of large game for food, furs and had small fishing vessels • By 1500 Population in the New World was 50-100 million (numbers are in dispute)

  5. Issues with the Bering Strait notion: • Evidence of human habitation in Eastern Siberia only 12,000 years ago • A Crow site in the Yukon my be 50,000 years old • A site in Brazil could be 48,000 years old

  6. BUT • The Bering Strait theory is the most widely accepted.

  7. By the Late Stone Age4,000 to 1500 BC • Sedentary (non-migratory) societies began to develop (Peru, NE and South-central Mexico and SW United States • Depended upon: Maize, Pumkins, Sweet Potatoes, Chili Peppers, Tapioca, and Amaranth (a cereal)

  8. Hundreds of tribes with different • Languages • Religions • Cultures

  9. Three Great Civilizationsin Central and South America • The Mayans • The Aztecs • The Incas (Peru)

  10. The Mayans • In Mesoamerica: Guatemala, Honduras, Belize up to Central Mexico, the Yucatan • 2,000 BC to 900 AD disappearance a mystery • Noted for its • Written Language • Architecture • Mathematics • Calendar • Irrigation systems

  11. The Mayans http://www.history.com/topics/maya/videos/ask-history-did-the-maya-predict-2012?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false#

  12. The Aztecs in Mexico • 1100-1519 • Tenochtitlan • Gods and Human Sacrifice • Contrast with Christian sacrament ritual • Cortes and Montezuma

  13. The Incas in Peru • Like Mayans • Built stone-carved cities • Mathematics and astronomy • Agricultural surplus for trade

  14. The North American tribes • By late 15th century semi-sedentary • Less developed than in south • Gender roles: • Women primarily agriculture • Men Hunters and warriors • Most matrilineal (property ownership • and matriilocal (new couple real extended family and proximity)

  15. Property Ownership • No one “owned” the land but families or clans would defend their “rights” to use the land • Property was NOT acquired as it had to be hauled from one place to another on a regular basis • The most important man in the tribe was the one giving the most away

  16. Trade was important • BUT no formal trade alliances or commercial treaties • However refusal to trade was justification for war

  17. Noteworthy N.A. Tribes • The Pueblo Indians: New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado. Lived in multistoried, terraced affairs…some of the oldest dwellings in N. America. • Depended primarily on corn • Elaborate irrigation systems

  18. N.A. Tribes • Mound Builders: Mississippi and Ohio Valleys • Central Mound was 100 feet high: world’s largest earthen work (near St. Louis) • As many as 40,000 people • Iron tools, woven fabric • Trade routes: Appalachians to Rockies, Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico

  19. Atlantic Seaboard Tribes • Maize, beans, squash • Creeks had a democratic style of government • Choctaw • Cherokee • Iroquois (NY state) built a strong military confederacy under Hiawatha (late 16th century) The 5 Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas

  20. The Iroquois • Lived in Longhouses • 8-200 feet long • The Iroquois will ally themselves with the British • They were the most politically sophisticated group met by the Europeans

  21. Religion • Most Amerindians had nature at the root of their religions • Temples, Skull racks, human sacrifice, cannibalism was seen as satanic by Europeans • But consider Native point of view regarding monotheism, the sacrament, witch hunts, the inquisition

  22. War • Native view of European warfare: • Wasteful. Prisoners could be used instead as sacricice • Captured children of natives assimilated • Europeans who could not match native guerrilla warfare or capture Native warriors would destroy Indian villages (non-combatants) Natives learned from this

  23. War continued • Natives used torture as a way for new widows to get even • Were called “mourning Wars” and often lasted all night • Europeans were not up to the task although Jesuits were admired by natives for their ability to withstand torture

  24. Natives Borrowed • European weapons • Horses (were reintroduced to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadores. Had disappeared during the last ice age)

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