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Explore factors and theories that explain differences in motivation levels among individuals, including biological, emotional, cognitive, and social influences. Examine instinct theory, drive reduction theories, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement motivation, incentive theory, and the hunger mechanism. Gain insights into the complexity of motivation and how it can be influenced by various factors.
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Critical Thinking In a paragraph or 2, identify some factors, traits, or offer some explanations that help explain why some people are less motivated than others. When writing your response think about the 4 sources of motivation. Biological Emotional Cognitive Social
Theories: Biology or Environment • Many theories are similar, but they vary in the amount of emphasis that each places upon either biological or environmental influences on motivation. • One theory strongly emphasizes nature as a main motivational influence. nature nurture
Instinct Theory • Motivation is the result of biological, genetic programming. • Survivalis at the of this perspective: actions = instincts. EXAMPLE: Human mothers, unlike many other species, will stay awake with a crying baby all night long trying to provide comfort. Why?
Instincts as Behavior Patterns- McDougal • Unlearned • Uniform in expression and • Universal Example: Nests and Webs – McDougal claims that humans are more or less the same as other animals in terms of instinctive jealousy, mating drives, & other instincts
Problems with instinct theories • There is no agreed-upon list of instincts; Not universal. Examples: Jealousy, sex drive, and aggression vary • Social behaviors complicate understanding of biological influences. • Instinct theory better explain animal behavior. WWFS?
Drive Theories • Drive: an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that are focused on reducing this tension • Homeostasis: an organism’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Example: When body temperature wavers, there are autonomic responses to adjust. hunger satiety
Problems With Drive Reduction Theories • Homeostasis seems irrelevant to some human motives. • How does “thirst for knowledge” fit into this model? • Motivation may exist with or without a drive arousal. Example: Do we eat only when we are hungry?
Arousal Theory Explains behaviors that don’t obviously decrease drives. • Examples: thrill seeking, curiosity, “because it’s there.” General Level of Activation: People are motivated to maintain their optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law: In general: Performance is best with MODERATE arousal.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Systematic arrangement of needs according to priority • According to Maslow, we must meet one need before we move on to the next. In practice – it does not always work in that way. • Which perspective do we associate Maslow with?
How do we solve conflicts between motives? • Approach-Approach: 2 good choices • Avoidance-Avoidance: 2 bad choices • Approach-Avoidance: A good choice with bad consequences OR OR AND
Achievement Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation: desire to work for external rewards (money, fame, power, praise) • Intrinsic Motivation: Work for internal satisfaction of a job well done People with high achievement motivation seek to master tasks, strive for excellence, take pride in their work.
Incentive Theory • Incentive: an external goal that has the potential to motivate behavior. • While Drive Theory describes an internal state PUSHING you in a specific direction, Incentive Theory describes how an external stimulus PULLSor Repels your behavior. • Can be + or - DRIVES INCENTIVES
Hunger Motivation • The multiple-systems approach to hunger • Set point – Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight • Appetite is influenced by the lateral hypothalamus & ventromedial hypothalamus parts of the brain • Eating disorders are a disruption to this normal system • Weight control is a complex issue involving multiple systems and the brain, along with social/cultural influenceshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94c43AlwLKo&feature=related
On Monday, we will have a special guest speaker from the Emily Program who will talk about eating disorders more specifically