Theories of Motivation

1. Theories of Motivation Unit VIIi Motivation and emotion

2. Drive Reduction Theory We are here Arousal Theory Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs HumanDrives Measures Sources Motivation&Emotion Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Motivation Stress Effects Coping Explain complex motives(eating, aggression, achievement and sex) TheoriesofEmotion Opponent Process James-Lange CognitiveAppraisal Cannon-Bard Schachtertwo-factor

3. What Is Motivation? • ________- is a need or want that causes us to act. • ________- directs and maintains goal-directed behavior. • ______________- explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

4. Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory • Drive- Reduction Theory • Incentive Theory • Arousal Theory • Hierarchy of Motives

5. Instinct Theory • ____________- physical and ________ instincts such as curiosity and fearlessness cause us to act. • _________- are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors. • Ex: Birds and butterflies flying South for the winter; salmon swimming upstream to mate • ___________ with theory: • Are there any human behaviors that can be considered true instincts? • How much of human behavior is instinctive?

6. Drive-reduction theory • When the ____________ of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. • ________________- a physical need creates an aroused _________ state (a drive) that motivates an organism to __________ the need (Hull, 1951)

7. Drive Reduction • The ____________ aim of drive reduction is ________________. • Homeostasis- the maintenance of a steady internal state-__________. • The regulation of any aspect of _______________ around a particular level. • Drive • Reduction • Food • Empty Stomach • (Food Deprived) • Stomach Full • Organism

8. Drive-reduction theory • Strengths- • Does a nice job explaining most _________ drives • Falls apart with more complex behaviors/_________ drives- • ________ and Secondary Drives

9. Incentive Theory • ____________- beyond the ________ motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, ________ motives or external stimuli such as _______, approval, and grades regulate and pull us towards a ________. • _________- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

10. Optimum arousal • Humans seek __________ levels of arousal. • Sometimes we want _______ of arousal • Sometimes we want very ______ arousal • Some of us tend to want _______ and some of us tend to want ________.

11. Arousal theory • People do things in order to seek out an ________ level of arousal for a given moment, • I want a _______ level of arousal- let’s do something epic tonight. • I want a ______ level of arousal- let’s stay in tonight. • I am _______ with my life, I need a new job. • I am stressed at work, let’s take a ________.

12. Yerkes-Dodson law • States that there is an _______ level of arousal for best performance on any task. • The more ______ the task, the ________ the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance.

13. Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham ______ (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. • ____________ needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before ____________ needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. • (1908-1970)

14. Hierarchy of Needs