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Assessment

Assessment. To collect and INTERPRET information about a client or subject Remember, the data do not speak for themselves The purpose of assessment: biopsychosocial formulation Dynamic formulation The results of an assessment process will be used idiographically

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Assessment

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  1. Assessment • To collect and INTERPRET information about a client or subject • Remember, the data do not speak for themselves • The purpose of assessment: biopsychosocial formulation • Dynamic formulation • The results of an assessment process will be used idiographically • Although most assessment tools are nomothetic • i.e., standardized procedure and established norms

  2. Physical Assessment Tools • Medical examination: referral to rule out medical disorders with psychological or behavioral concomitants or sequelae • Neuropsychological examination • EEG: electrical activity • CAT scan: locate abnormalities in the brain • MRI: view anatomical features of the CNS, especially the brain • fMRI: anatomy and function • PET: monitors metabolic processes

  3. fMRI A:\

  4. Standardization • Two types: • Administration and scoring • Sampling • Reliability: • Is a test consistent? • Test-retest • Inter-rater • Validity • Is the test measuring what it purports to measure?

  5. Important note: We can have reliability without validity But We cannot have validity without reliability.

  6. The clinical interview • A GOOD interview is a clinician’s best assessment tool (according to Dr. S). • Structured: intake interview • Unstructured: suitability for therapy • Semi-structured: diagnostic • Clinical interview criticized: observer bias

  7. Mental Status Exam • A structured interview, sometimes embedded within a semi-structured interview. • Tests cognitive functioning • Eg.: Clarity of thought, orientation, ability to follow instructions

  8. Projective Tests • Presentation of ambiguous stimuli • The purpose is to tap unconscious mental processes

  9. Some of the most common Projective Tests • Rorschach Inkblot Test • Thematic Apperception Test • Drawing Tests • Draw A family • House-Tree-Person • Kinetic Family Drawing

  10. A Rorschach-type Stimulus • “What might this be” • Similar to seeing objects in clouds • Useful for assessing how the client views his/her world

  11. A TAT-card Stimulus • Tell me a story; a complete story with a beginning, a middle and an end. What is happening in the picture. What happened before, and how will it end. • Useful for learning about clients’ relationships

  12. Drawing Tests • Useful with children • Develops rapport • Aids in diagnosis • Also useful with non-verbal adults

  13. Personality Inventories • Usually personality inventories consist of a series of questions to which the respondents answer “true” or “false” (“yes”/”no”) • The scoring is objective • Most popular is MMPI2: designed to identify psychopathology • CPI also frequently used but is designed to identify positive psychological characteristics

  14. MMPI-Profile • Left side: validity scales ?, L, F, K. • An advantage of the MMPI • Right side: 10 clinical scales • Designed to identify pathology.

  15. Misuses of the MMPI • Hiring and promotion decisions in business: the test is designed to detect pathology, and normed on a psychiatric sample • Elevated scores in a non-psychiatric sample may not have the same meaning as in a psychiatric sample

  16. Response Inventories • Tests which are focused on a specific area of functioning • Example: Beck Depression Inventory (text p. 94)

  17. Other psychological assessment tools • Psychophysiological tests: measure autonomic nervous system functioning • Example: Polygraph (lie detector) • Neuropsychological tests: • Example: Bender - Gestalt

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