Get out your Ch 21 Study Guide for lecture notes.

1. Today’s Music: Lux Aeterna By Gyorgi Lutoslawski Get out your Ch 21 Study Guide for lecture notes. If your Study Guide was incomplete on Friday, show it to me before class begins so I can change your marking on your paper.

2. If World War I was a Bar Fight…

3. Germany, Austria and Italy are standing together in the middle of a pub when Serbia bumps into Austria and spills Austria’s pint. Austria demands Serbia buy it a whole new suit because of the new beer stains on its trouser leg. Germany expresses its support for Austria’s point of view. Britain recommends that everyone calm down a bit.

4. Serbia points out that it can’t afford a whole suit, but offers to pay for the cleaning of Austria’s trousers. Russia and Serbia look at Austria. Austria asks Serbia who it’s looking at. Russia suggests that Austria should leave its little brother alone.

5. Austria inquires as to whose army will assist Russia in doing so. Germany appeals to Britain that France has been looking at it, and that its sufficiently out of order that Britain not intervene. Britain replies that France can look at who it wants to, that Britain is looking at Germany too, and what is Germany going to do about it? Germany tells Russia to stop looking at Austria, or Germany will render Russia incapable of such action anymore.

6. Britain and France ask Germany whether it’s looking at Belgium. Turkey and Germany go off into a corner and whisper. When they come back, Turkey makes a show of not looking at anyone. Germany rolls up its sleeves, looks at France, and punches Belgium. France and Britain punch Germany. Austria punches Russia. Germany punches Britain and France with one hand and Russia with the other.

7. Russia throws a punch at Germany, but misses and nearly falls over. Japan calls over from the other side of the room that it’s on Britain’s side, but stays there. Italy surprises everyone by punching Austria. Australia punches Turkey, and gets punched back. There are no hard feelings because Britain made Australia do it.

8. France gets thrown through a plate glass window, but gets back up and carries on fighting. Russia gets thrown through another one, gets knocked out, suffers brain damage, and wakes up with a complete personality change. Italy throws a punch at Austria and misses, but Austria falls over anyway. Italy raises both fists in the air and runs round the room chanting.

9. America waits till Germany is about to fall over from sustained punching from Britain and France, then walks over and smashes it with a barstool, then pretends it won the fight all by itself.

10. By now all the chairs are broken and the big mirror over the bar is shattered. Britain, France and America agree that Germany threw the first punch, so the whole thing is Germany’s fault . While Germany is still unconscious, they go through its pockets, steal its wallet, and buy drinks for all their friends.

11. The Rise of Fascism AP World History Chapter 21 “The Collapse and Recovery of Europe” (1914 -1970s)

12. New Forms of Government • After WWI: Germany, Italy, and Russia turned to a new form of dictatorship = totalitarianism • Government has total control over every aspect of the people’s lives • The individual is a servant of the state • Books, radio, films, and schools used to promote the government’s philosophy

13. New Forms of Government • Fascism grew in Italy and Germany • Fascism = a political philosophy that advocates the glorification of the state • Single-party system • One ruler • Aggressive nationalism • The state has absolute authority

14. Factors Explaining the Fascist Rise to Power in Italy 1. Economic Distress - Inflation and high prices - Heavy taxes to pay for war costs - Widespread unemployment - Returning war vets couldn’t find work - Fascists promised to improve economic conditions

15. Factors Explaining the Fascist Rise to Power in Italy 2. Fear of Communism - Italian workers started taking over factories - Italian peasants started seizing land - This is similar to how the Russian Revolution started that brought Communism to Russia - Fascists promised to stop the Socialists & the Communists - Factory & land owners now supported the Fascists

16. Factors Explaining the Fascist Rise to Power in Italy 3. Appeal to Nationalism • Italy was upset that it didn’t get more land in peace treaties after WWI • Fascists said they’d get more land and restore the Roman Empire • This appealed to the youth, veterans, and military people

17. Factors Explaining the Fascist Rise to Power in Italy 4. Weak Government After WWI • Couldn’t solve Italy’s problems • No political party had a majority in the Parliament 5. Lack of Democratic Tradition • Democracy = not a part of Italy’s history • People more concerned with making ends meet, not defending democracy

18. Benito Mussolini • Came from a working-class family • Ambitious and determined • Became an extreme nationalist during WWI • 1919 = created Fascist Party in Italy • Black Shirts = Mussolini’s private military band • Used violence and brutality to stop opponents and gain support for the Fascists

19. Mussolini Seizes Power • Fascist Party gained more & more support • Result = Mussolini got stronger & bolder • 1922 = the Fascists staged a “march on Rome” • King Victor Emmanuel III refused to declare martial law • Unopposed by the army, Black Shirt bands poured into Rome

20. Mussolini Seizes Power • The King told Mussolini to form a new government • Mussolini took over power without a popular vote or Parliament’s consent • Made himself dictator and turned Italy into a fascist nation

21. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943) • Government • Totalitarian dictatorship led by IL DUCE = means “The Leader” • One political party = Fascist party • People denied civil liberties • Black Shirts and secret police used to stop opposition

22. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943) • Economy • Government determined wages, hours, and working conditions • Left most industries under private ownership, but controlled production and prices • Set up more armament plants • Italian efficiency – he “made the trains run on time”

23. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943) • Militarism • Drafted men to 4 years of service followed by 11 years on reserve • Required military training in schools and Fascist youth groups • Built more military weapons, tanks, etc.

24. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943) • Most Italians supported Mussolini • He brought order back to Italy • Solved the unemployment problem • Brought feelings of patriotism & nationalism back to the people • Promised to bring back the glory of ancient Rome

25. Get out your Ch 21 Study Guide for lecture notes. Today’s Music: Grand Pianola Music: Part IA By John Adams

26. AP Review Today after school 3:10-4:15 If you need financial help to pay for AP exams, you must see me before school or after school today, tomorrow, or Thursday to let me help you get signed up. Deadline to Register for AP Exam – Midnight Thursday Night!

27. Weimar Republic in Germany1919-1933 • After WWI: Germany set up a democratic government called the Weimar Republic • New constitution created 2 major positions: • President = weak; elected by the people • Chancellor = powerful; elected by the majority party in the Reichstag (like Germany’s Senate) • President from 1919-1933 = President Hindenburg

28. Problems with Weimar Republic • Weak and unstable • Couldn’t solve Germany’s problems after WWI • Political parties could not cooperate

29. Fascism in Germany: The Nazis • After WWI: small group of nationalists formed the National Socialist (Nazi) Party • Attacked democracy • Promised to save Germany from Communism • Advocated extreme nationalism • Wanted dictatorship

30. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power 1. Economic Distress • Germany had to pay reparations of $35 billion after WWI to France and Great Britain • Government printed more money to do this = caused inflation • In 1932 = it took 4 trillion marks to equal 1 U.S. dollar • Middle class lost savings and retirement accounts • Unemployment • In 1932 = 6 million Germans unemployed • Nazis promised to save the economy

31. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power 2. Fear of Communism • Germans feared a Communist revolution due to bad economy • Nazis promised to save Germany from Communism 3. Lack of Democratic Tradition • German heritage = autocracy, not democracy • Otto von Bismarck • Kaisers • Autocracy meant success and democracy meant failure Flag of old German Empire

32. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power 4. Appeal to Nationalism • Many Germans unable to accept defeat in WWI • Nazis pledged to tear up Treaty of Versailles and denounce war-guilt clause • Nazis demanded return of German territories and colonies • Nazis defended Germany’s right to rearm • Nazis claimed Germany had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists • Promised to create a powerful German Empire

33. Adolf Hitler • Leader of Nazi Party • Austrian • Failed artist • Decorated WWI veteran • Brilliant organizer and speaker • Used propaganda and mass rallies to gain support and persuade people

34. Nazi Rally in Nuremburg

35. Beer Hall Putsch • In Munich in 1923 • Nazi attempt at a revolution • Hitler led a surprise attack and tried to kill top leaders of the Weimar Republic in a beer hall • Failed • Hitler went to jail for about a year Leaders of the Beer Hall Putsch

36. “Mein Kampf” • Book written by Hitler while in jail • “Mein Kampf” = “My Struggle” • Outlined Hitler’s plans for Germany • Blamed the Jews & Communists for Germany’s defeat in WWI • Said Germans were a “master race” that should rule the world • Said Germans needed “Lebensraum” = living space • Explained his plan for the extermination of the Jewish race

37. Nazis Gain Power • Nazis gained support as economy kept getting worse in Germany • 1932 election = Nazis got 37% of the popular vote • Made them the largest party in the Reichstag • 1933 = Hitler appointed Chancellor by President Hindenburg

38. Nazis Gain Power • 1933 = Hitler calls for new elections • Voting = marked by intimidation & violence • Reichstag building mysteriously burned down • Hitler blamed the Communists • Nazis got more support because people were so afraid • Nazis got even more seats in the Reichstag in 1933 election

39. Nazis Gain Power • Hitler pushed for the Enabling Act = made him absolute dictator for 1 year • Could pass laws without the Reichstag or the President • 1934 = President Hindenburg died • Hitler blended the positions of President and Chancellor • Now just 1 leader = Der Führer

40. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Government • Nazi Party controlled everything • All other political parties outlawed • Under Heinrich Himmler, the Gestapo (secret police) brutally oppressed anti-Nazis • Torture, death, sent to concentration camps • Brown Shirts = army members loyal to Hitler • SS = Nazi elite; most trusted guards

41. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Propaganda • Propaganda Ministry led by Joesph Goebbels • Used movies, radio, press, etc. to flood Germany with the Nazi cause

42. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Education • Used schools to influence the youth • Only Nazis could teach • Nazi textbooks • Classes focused on Nazi goals • Chemistry = kids learned how to make poison gas • Social Studies = kids learned evils of democracy • Math = kids calculated bomb distances

43. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Hitler Youth • Organizations set up for young people between ages of 6 and 18 • Molded German youth to accept Nazi ideas

44. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Science and Culture • Scientists worked on war weapons • All books, movies, etc. that were anti-Nazi were burned and banned

45. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Women • Inferior social status in Germany • Excluded from politics • Major purpose = to have children and increase the population of the “master race”

46. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Economy • Nazi regime set wages, hours, and working conditions • Eliminated unemployment • Public works projects - like the Autobahn, bridges, canals, public buildings, etc. • Increased production of arms • “Make guns, not butter”

47. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Militarism • Used draft to create a large army • Remilitarized the Rhineland • Shifted German industry to war production • Gave military training to youth in schools & youth organizations • This violated the Treaty of Versailles, but the Allies did nothing

48. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Persecution of the Jews • Ousted from jobs, businesses, and homes • 1935 = Nuremburg Laws passed • Said anyone with at least 1 Jewish grandparent was Jewish & couldn‘t be a German citizen • Placed limits on leaving Germany • Jewish people required to wear identification badges = Stars of David

49. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 • Persecution of the Jews • November 1938 = Kristallnacht = Night of Broken Glass • Organized attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues