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The Industrial Revolution. A Major Change. Revolutionary Changes in…. patterns of work social class structure standard of living int’l. balance of power. Where? When? What?. Britain 1780s textiles. Timeline – Events around IR. Growth of Atlantic economy. Agricultural Revolution.
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Revolutionary Changes in… • patterns of work • social class structure • standard of living • int’l. balance of power
Where? When? What? Britain 1780s textiles
Timeline – Events around IR Growth of Atlantic economy Agricultural Revolution IR Begins 1650 1700 1720 1780s 1790 1815 1850 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
Timeline – Events around IR Growth of Atlantic economy Agricultural Revolution IR Begins 1650 1700 1720 1780s 1790 1815 1850 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living after 1850 1780s 1815 1820s 1830 1850 Labor Movement/Legislation IR reaches the Continent
Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living after 1850 1780s 1815 1820s 1830 1850 Labor Movement/Legislation IR reaches the Continent
Why Britain? • large market (domestic & colonial) • rivers & canals – easy transport • natural resources – iron & coal • large labor force • agricultural revolution
Why Britain? • strong central bank • well-developed credit markets • stable government • laissez-faire economy • no domestic tariffs
Textile Industry – Spinning James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765) 6-24 spindles; hand-powered
Textile Industry – Spinning Richard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770) 100s of spindles; water-powered factories
Textile Industry – Spinning Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779) factories
Textile Industry – Weaving Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)
Consequences of Δs in Textile Industry • cheaper cotton goods • weavers’ wages • lots of yarn = demand • poor factory working conditions • child labor • industrial dominance • 1831 – 22% of GB’s industrial production
The Energy Problem • pre-industrial sources (human & animal) = not enough power • shortage of WOOD • due to Ag. Rev. (forests into fields) • important for heat & iron-making
The Energy Solution • STEAM ENGINE • Thomas Savery (1698) • Thomas Newcomen (1705) **JAMES WATT (1769)** Watt’s Engine Raw material: COAL
Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine was “the Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology. For the first time in history, humanity had … almost unlimited power at its disposal.” (McKay 731) • Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads
Iron Industry Boom • steam engine coke • Henry Cort’s puddling furnace (1780s) “Iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the economy.” (McKay 732) Puddlers at work
Railroads George Stephenson – Rocket (1830) 16 mph!!!
Factors enabling RRs: • iron strong rails • steam engine locomotive Railroads
Consequences of the Railroad • ↓ shipping cost & uncertainty • larger markets larger factories cheaper goods • expanded labor market • change in social values: new obsession with power & speed
Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851 Celebrating Britain’s industrial dominance, in London.
Britain: “Workshop of the World” • Produced: • 2/3 of the world’s coal • ½ of the world’s iron and cotton • 20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860 (vs. 2% in 1750) • Huge growth, 1780-1851: • GNP x4 • pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913 Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year.
Data Analysis • 1750 – all countries close together • by 1800 – GB gained big lead • nat’l. variations in timing & extent • Belgium 1st • Western nations (+ Japan) industrial levels vs. non-Western nations
Why did the Continent lag until 1815? Battle of Waterloo
The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES ADVANTAGES strong tradition of cottage industry people: merchant capitalist class + urban artisans borrow existing tech. strong independent gov’ts. • GB goods already dominant • tech. too complicated • pricey to invest • factory labor shortage
Agents of Continental Industrialization • skilled workers • entrepreneurs • governments • protective tariffs • funded RRs • banks • limited liability • CréditMobilier
Economic Nationalism Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841) • anti-free trade • pro-protective tariff “An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members.”
The “Second Industrial Revolution” (1860-1914) • steel • chemicals • oil • electricity • planes, cars, subs • telephone, telegraph • movies, radio