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VDPAM 445 Swine Topics Farrowing

VDPAM 445 Swine Topics Farrowing. Dr. Alex Ramirez Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University. Benchmarks. Parameter Excellent Average Poor Still births <5% 7-8% > 9% Mortality < 7% 10-12% >14% Pigs weaned/litter >10.5 9.5 – 10 < 9

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VDPAM 445 Swine Topics Farrowing

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  1. VDPAM 445Swine TopicsFarrowing Dr. Alex Ramirez Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University

  2. Benchmarks ParameterExcellentAveragePoor Still births <5% 7-8% > 9% Mortality < 7% 10-12% >14% Pigs weaned/litter >10.59.5 – 10< 9 Pig weaning weight >15# 12# <10# No value pigs <2% 3-4% >5%

  3. Piglet mortality • Most common causes • Laid on: 50-60% of all deaths • Poor viability (low birth weight), defects, etc.: 30-40% • Starvouts: < 10% (Not a primary diagnosis) • Others: should be low percentage normally • Slippery floors/genetics = splay leg • Rough, abrasive floors = arthritis, lameness • Unsanitary = diarrhea, arthritis

  4. Piglet mortality • General strategies to reduce piglet mortality • Increase birth weights by increasing feed intake during late gestation • Heat lamp management: 2 then 1 • Back (first day), One side (3-7 days) • KEEP PIGS AWAY FROM SOW • Decrease room temperature • Sows eat and milk better • Draws pigs to heated area • Management: chilling, colostrum consumption

  5. Maximizing Piglet Immunity

  6. Critical points • Controlled environment • Room environment • Micro environment • Crate • Heat lamps/mats • Specialized/dedicated labor • Focus on detail • Become an expert!

  7. Establish and follow strict biosecurity plan Newborn pigs are born without antibody protection

  8. Maximizing through the colostrum • This is nothing new • Observed long before immunology developed - 1800’s • Antibodies are sow exposure specific • Other growth stimulators

  9. Maximizing through the colostrum • Colostral AB can’t protect alone • The piglet immune system must also respond * energy and protein • This is a dynamic response that must also be balanced • Piglet robustness –size, weight, viability

  10. Colostral Facts and Philosophy • Antibody Flux and Flow • 6 hours post partum • Milk levels ++ • Serum levels ++ • 48 hours post partum • Milk levels + • Serum levels +++

  11. Litter IgG VariationDay 4 Bob Harrel

  12. IgG Absorption by WeightDay 4 Bob Harrel

  13. Colostral Facts and Philosophy • Important points: • Both quality and quantity count • Birth to suckle time is critical • Length of labor – first to last piglet • Our job: • Maximize individual and litter intake • Intervention if labor is prolonged • Effective Cross fostering

  14. Colostral Facts and Philosophy • Split suckling • only insures a minimum effective dose to the whole litter • Stomach tube – stored colostrum? • There are no exceptional methods of intervention • litter size = functional teats • First to last pig = < 3 hours • All pigs suckle > 2 times in the first two hours of life • Minimal to no cross fostering

  15. Sow Vaccine Management • Sow vaccines that improve piglet Heath • Cost effective • Commercially Available • Small part of the sow immune priming process

  16. Prepare sow for farrowing • Main source of disease for piglets • Treat for internal/ external parasites • Before moved into farrowing • Wash sow

  17. Savaging • Sows/first litter gilts will kill their pigs via biting • Indicates stress?- over feeding makes them irritable? • Treatment • Remove pigs until sow accepts • Usually within 12 hours, keep pigs warm, still will absorb colostrum • Tranquilize with acepromazine (5cc) • Inject with oxytocin

  18. Iron deficiency anemia • Milk is low in iron • Reserves are exhausted by 15-20 days of age • Severe deficiency results in tachypnea • Most pigs need about 200 mg • Day 1- 3 • More with faster growth rate • Monitor level and titrate iron dose by checking hemoglobins and/or PCV’s • Oral versus injectable • Oral absorption = injection for first 12 hours after birth, then oral absorption is not adequate • Don’t inject in the ham!!

  19. Baby pig diarrhea: Clinical Dx. ParameterE. coliTGERotaClost.Cocci. Onset days <1 1-2 2-3 1-2 ≥5 Vomit X XX Blood X-XX Empty lacteals XX X X Sow diarrhea X Villus atrophy XX X Smears useful ?? XX

  20. Baby pig diarrhea: TGE • TGE virus acute outbreak • Treatment of pigs is of limited value • Very demoralizing for farm personnel • Increase farrowing barn temperature • Wean pigs > 2 weeks old place on electrolytes • Feed intestinal material to entire sow herd • Rapid infection = rapid development of herd immunity • 1 pluck per 6-10 sows • Remove pluck from dead pig, slice, place in cold water and pour on top of feed • Vaccinate sows once 2 weeks prior to farrowing for the next 20-26 weeks (one turn of sow herd)

  21. Other diseases • Pneumonia/respiratory • Swine influenza virus and various bacteria • Injectable antibiotics only: no food or water consumption • Greasy pig disease: Staphylococcus hyicus • Injectable antibiotics: • Long-acting penicillin, 1 ml per 10#, every other day for 3 treatments, IM/SQ • Lincomycin, 5 mg/#, SID for 3-5 days, IM • Topical: Mineral oil (1 gallon) and Nolvasan (8 oz.) mixture, every other day (3-4 treatments) • Rule-out pityriasis rosea

  22. Sow off-feed for 1½ - 2 days • Wetting feed • Provide starter feed • Vitamin B12 injection • Exercise • Constipated (details later) • Check body temperature

  23. Elevated body temperature • Normal rectal temperature • Should fall to ~ 102.5 °F by 48 hr after farrowing

  24. Constipation • Prolonged period w/o defecation • 24 – 36 hr after farrowing • Remove feces from behind sow at farrowing (scraping) • Identify constipated sow better Consistency of feces from a constipated sow

  25. Relieving/preventing constipation • Exercise • The 1st option • Feed as described previously before/after farrowing • Manual removal • Laxatives

  26. Mastitis • Inflammation of mammary gland • Bacterial infection • Warm, enlarged, and sensitive glands • Sow lies on belly and off-feed • Piglets hungry, gaunt, maybe diarrhea

  27. MMA • “Garbage can” diagnosis for sows that are off-feed, febrile and not milking well +/- specific signs • Prevention • Same factors considered for increasing sow feed intake • Slightly limit feed intake prior to farrowing • 5-7# per day on sows • 4-5# per day on gilts • Laxatives • Natural/Physiological - wheat bran, whole oats, psyllium • Chemicals – Dynamate (K and Mg sulfate)

  28. MMA • Prevention: 10 ml of penicillin (?? value) • AVOID BLANKET TREATMENT – POOR MEDICINE! • Treatment: • Antibiotics (Penicillin, Tylan, tetracyclines) SID, 2-3 days • Corticosteriods (5 ml- dexamethasone, flumethasone), 1X only • Oxytocin (2 ml), SID, 2-3 days • B complex vitamins (10 ml), SID, 2-3 days

  29. Acknowledgements • I would like to recognize others for their significant contributions to this presentation: • Dr. Brad Thacker • Dr. Locke Karriker • Dr. Butch Baker • Duane Reese - Nebraska

  30. Questions?

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