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Protestant Reformation

Explore the causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation, from Martin Luther's 95 Theses to Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church. Learn about key figures, such as Calvin and Ignatius of Loyola, and the impact on Europe's religious landscape.

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Protestant Reformation

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  1. Protestant Reformation What is the definition of “reformation?”

  2. Causes of the Reformation • Problems in the Catholic Church • Church leaders were corrupt • Spent tax money on luxuries • Merchants were sick of paying taxes • Rulers resented the Church’s authority • Indulgences • Gave the impression that people could buy their way into heaven

  3. Martin Luther

  4. Was troubled by indulgences • He left his “the 95 Theses” on the door of a castle in Germany and invited Catholic scholars to debate him • His writing criticized the Catholic Church

  5. 95 Theses: what is said… • People could win salvation only by faith • Catholic Church taught that “good works” were needed for salvation • All church teachings should be based on bible • All people with faith were equal • Clergy were not closer to God

  6. Response to Luther • In 1520, the Pope (Leo X) threatened to excommunicate Luther unless he took back his statements • He refused to take back his 95 theses • Edict of Worms • No one in the Roman Empire was to associate with Luther and to burn his books • This only popularized his teachings more • Example: the forbidden fruit

  7. Germany at War

  8. England becomes Protestant

  9. Henry VIII • Originally a devout Catholic • Wants/Needs a male heir • Wife Catherine of Aragon has a daughter – Mary • 1527, Henry wants to divorce Catherine and remarry • Pope says no to an annulment Catherine of Aragon

  10. What did Henry do? • In 1529, he asked Parliament to end the pope’s power in England • This made the English King the head of the church (not the pope) • Ended the Catholic Church’s power in England

  11. Parliament • 1529 – Reformation Parliament ends Papal power in England • 1533 – Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn • 1534 – Parliament legalizes Henry’s divorce from Catherine • King becomes head of Church

  12. Henry’s wives • Catherine • Divorced • Anne Boleyn • Executed • Jane Seymour • Dies in childbirth • Anne of Cleves • Divorced • Kathryn Howard • Executed • Katherine Parr • Survives

  13. After Henry • Edward VI – Protestant • Mary I – Catholic • Elizabeth I – Protestant

  14. Elizabeth I • Inherits the throne in 1558 • Anglican Church • Spanish Armada

  15. Calvinism • Everyone is innately sinful • Doctrine of Predestination • Provides Protestant theology • Geneva Theocracy • John Knox • Presbyterians • Huguenots • St. Bartholomew's Day

  16. Anabaptists • Baptized only those old enough to decide to be Christians • Church and state should be separate • Refused to fight in wars • Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics • Influenced Amish and Baptists who would later split from the Anglican Church

  17. Catholic Reformation • Catholic’s had to respond • Council of Trent • Called for moral reform of clergy • Strengthening of church structure • Establishment of Society of Jesus

  18. Catholic Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola • Spiritual Exercises • Jesuits • Pope Paul III • Council of Trent • The church’s interpretation of Bible is final • Christians need faith and good works • Bible and tradition are equal authorities • Indulgences are a valid expression of faith

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