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Urinary System

Urinary System. Chapter 18. Function. Removes organic wastes Regulating blood volume and blood pressure Electrolyte regulation pH Homeostasis. Organization of the Urinary System. 2 Kidneys 2 ureters 1 bladder 1 urethra (~1 inch for a girl and ~7-8 inches in a guy). Renal cortex

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Urinary System

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  1. Urinary System Chapter 18

  2. Function • Removes organic wastes • Regulating blood volume and blood pressure • Electrolyte regulation • pH • Homeostasis

  3. Organization of the Urinary System • 2 Kidneys • 2 ureters • 1 bladder • 1 urethra (~1 inch for a girl and ~7-8 inches in a guy)

  4. Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal capsule Renal pyramids Renal columns Major/minor calyx Kidney Structures

  5. Blood Supply • Renal Artery • Afferent arteriole • Glomerulus • Efferent arteriole • Peritubular capillaries • Venules • Renal vein

  6. Functioning Unit • Nephron • 1.25 million per kidney • 85 miles

  7. Parts of a nephron • Bowman’s Capsule • Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Descending Loop of Henle • Ascending Loop of Henle • Distal Convoluted Tubule • Collecting Duct

  8. Cortex Medulla

  9. Filtrate • Normal BP forces ions, water, urea, glucose and other organic substances into the Bowman’s capsule • This is the filtrate • It shouldn’t contain blood, bacteria or high amounts of glucose

  10. Nephron Function • Reabsorb useful organic molecules from the filtrate • Reabsorbing 90% of the water • Additional collection of waste products missed by filtration

  11. Proximal Convoluted Tubule • Water and solutes reabsorbed into cortex

  12. Loop of Henle • Water and NaCl are absorbed into cortex and medulla

  13. Distal Convoluted Tubule • Ions, acids, drugs and toxins from cortex are added to the filtrate • Variable loss or gain of water and solutes due to concentrations

  14. Collecting Duct • Variable loss/gain of water, solutes and urea • What’s left goes to a minor calyx of the renal pelvis

  15. Peritubular Capillaries • Surround nephron • Return needed water and substances to the bloodstream

  16. Urea • A safe way to transport nitrogenous wastes in the body • Created by liver • Most abundant organic waste (21 grams a day)

  17. Creatinine • Organic waste produced by muscle contraction due to the break down of creatinine phosphate • 1.8 grams a day

  18. Glomerular Filtration Rate • GFR • 125ml/minute • 180 Liters or 50 gallons/day • 99% is reabsorbed

  19. Properties of Normal Urine • pH ~ 6.0 • Water content 93-97% • Color = clear  yellow • Odor = depends on composition • Bacterial content = sterile • Volume = 700 – 2000 ml/day

  20. Regulation of Kidney Function • Arterioles adjust to variations in BP • Can be shut down by the sympathetic NS • Dilation of BV near skin shunts blood away from kidneys (temporary) • Hormonal control

  21. Hormones • Antidiuretic Hormone = (ADH) collecting duct reabsorbs as much water as possible and triggers thirst (post. Pituitary) • Aldosterone = Collecting duct absorbs as much salt as possible (helps maintain BP) (adrenal)

  22. Ureters • Can close at bladder preventing backflow • Use peristalsis

  23. Kidney Stones • Made of Ca oxalate deposits, Mg salts, uric acid crystals • Can be the most painful ailment • Can be found in ureter or bladder too

  24. Bladder • A full bladder can hold up to a liter of fluid • Attached to pelvis • Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)

  25. Urethra • External urethral sphincter allows you to control urination (voluntary, after ~2 yrs)

  26. Micturition Reflex • That gotta go feelin’ • Due to a full bladder

  27. Incontinence • Inability to control urination • Babies (Until 2 years old) • Trauma (childbirth, automobile accident), weak muscles = cough/sneeze = leaking • Damage to the CNS (Alzheimer’s, Damage to spinal cord)

  28. Catheter

  29. UTI • Urinary Tract Infection • Caused by bacteria or yeast • E. coli is most common • Female anatomy makes them more susceptible • Blood and bacteria can be found in urine • Can back up into renal pelvis

  30. Cranberry Juice???? • D – mannose from cranberry juice prevent E. coli from attaching to bladder wall

  31. Renal Failure • When kidney function drops below requirements for homeostasis • Acute = happens quickly (blockage, trauma, etc) • Chronic = gradual deterioration (disease, EX: diabetes mellitus)

  32. Glomerulonephritis (reduced size and granular surface

  33. Kidney Cancer

  34. Tx • Diet (restricted salt/ water/protein intake) • Dialysis • Kidney Transplant

  35. Dialysis Dialysis Animation Dialysis Procedure

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