GEOG 101

1. GEOG 101 Review for the Final Exam: Friday, December 14th at 1 p.m. in this building in Room 107

2. Useful URLs from Jeff Lewis UBC Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) http://cirs.ubc.ca/building/building-overview/building-descriptionBeacon Food Forest http://beaconfoodforest.weebly.com/Smart Growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0kN51fy4KQSevern Suzuki Unifies World Vision for Sustainable Future at Rio+Socialhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7z5pWP7YioKalundborg: Industrial Symbiosis - Waste makes resource http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities-2/all-cases/waste/kalundborg-industrial-symbiosis---waste-makes-resource/?bbredirect=trueSimon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action http://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_leaders_inspire_action.html

3. Format of the Exam The exam will focus, for the most part, on everything we have covered since the mid-term. The format will be similar to last time, but with a stronger weighting on short answers and essay questions. The exam will focus on Chapters 9, 12-17, 20, and 22-23. We had to skip 10-11, 18-19, and 21 because of time constraints. However, I asked you to read them and there may be the odd question on their contents. In addition to what we review today, look at the chapter conclusions, the reviewing objectives, the glossary, and the PowerPoints after the mid-term.

4. Review for the Exam: Overall • that lots of positive things are being done to address the ecological crisis (there are alter-natives, and that these need to address the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of the crisis); • that to solve the ecological crisis, we need to understand how to make change, at both a social and individual/ household level, and we also need to understand what our own particular strengths are so that we can match our talents to the tasks at hand. • There may be some questions pertaining to these overall points on the exam.

5. QUESTION: Review Chapter 9 Which level is NOT included in the concept of biodiversity? • Species • Genetics • Ecosystems • All of the above are included in this concept What happens when a species experiences “inbreeding depression”? • The species becomes too large for the resource base • Genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring • Genetically similar parents mate and produce superior offspring • The number and variety of species increases According to the concept of “latitudinal gradient,” which of the following happens? • Species richness increases towards the equator • Species richness decreases towards the equator • Species richness decreases over time • Countries like Canada have many more species than expected

6. QUESTION: Review Which of the following is the major cause of extinction? • Invasive species • Pollution • Habitat loss • Overharvesting Biodiversity does all of the following, except… • Provide ecosystem services • Decrease food security • Maintain ecosystem function • Provide aesthetic benefits Biodiversity does all of the following, except… • Provide ecosystem services • Decrease food security • Maintain ecosystem function • Provide aesthetic benefits

7. QUESTION: Review According to the theory of island biogeography, which island would have the highest species richness? • A large island, close to the mainland • A large island, far from the mainland • A small island, close to the mainland • A small island, far from the mainland A “biodiversity hotspot” is…? • An area located near the equator • An area that supports few, but large, species • An area that contains naturally high numbers of people • An area that contains a large number of endemic species

8. Chapter 12 QUESTION: Review • Arid countries tend to use their water mostly for…? • Developing industries • Agriculture • Households • Export to rich countries • Which of the following statements is not a benefit of dams? • Habitat alteration • Power generation • Crop irrigation • Shipping • Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution? • A factory • Sewer pipes • Agricultural fields • All are non-point sources

9. Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______”? • Undesirable impacts on human health • Undesirable impacts on other organisms • Undesirable impacts on human well-being • All of the above are included in the definition WHAT CONCLUSION CAN YOU DRAW FROM THIS GRAPH? a) It is more water efficient to produce vegetables b) It is more water efficient to produce meat c) Vegetable and meat production are relatively alike in water consumption d) There is little correlation between water consumption and our diet

10. CHAPTER 13 • An area where rivers flow into the ocean is called a(n) …? • Estuary • Mangrove swamp • Salt marsh • Coral reef • Marine reserves have all the following benefits except: • Fishing increases in the reserve • The size of fish increases • Larvae can “seed” areas outside the reserve • Decreased mortality and habitat destruction WHAT IS SHOWN BY THIS GRAPH? China will be a major player in applying fishing pressure China will be playing a smaller role in applying fishing pressure The world will decrease its fishing pressure Canada is not included in this graph

11. Chapter 13 The oceans contain a variety of minerals and life-forms in addition to water Ocean water flows vertically and horizontally (various currents and gyres) Ocean vs. coastal ecosystems (e.g. near-shore and inter-tidal zones) Importance of coral reefs as habitats and the threats to Importance of shoreline ecosystems against storms Estuaries = freshwater meeting saltwater Marine pollution from oil spills, dumping, and plastic (‘garbage continent’) Contaminants and plastics affect ocean species Industrialization of fishing = tragedy of open access systems and decline of all major species Marine reserves can be a win-win proposition

12. Chapter 14 What are major forms of air pollution, and what are their sources? What are some of their consequences? Are there any success stories? What was and is damaging the ozone shield? What was done about it? What are some of causes and consequences associated with indoor air pollution in both the developed and developing countries?

13. “Climate” is defined as…. • Conditions at localized sites • Conditions over hours or days • An area’s long-term atmospheric conditions • Variations in Earth’s temperature • Which of the following are major contributors of global warming? • Burning fossil fuels and recycling • Burning fossil fuels and deforestation • Deforestation and nuclear energy • Fossil fuels and nuclear energy CHAPTER 15 • What happens as ice melts in polar regions? • More heat is reflected into space • Glaciers re-freeze at night • Exposed soils absorb heat and make melting worse • Polar bears learn to like the Sun

14. Chapter 15 What is the IPCC and what do they do? Which two countries are the largest emitters of CO2? What are other powerful greenhouse gases? How does the ‘greenhouse effect’ work? What are the principal causes of climate change? What positive feedback cycles are set in motion by climate change? What will the likely impacts be of climate change and who will experience them most strongly? What would need to be done to address climate change issues forcefully and immediately? What are the barriers at the national and international levels?

15. Chapter 16 What are the main forms of fossil fuels? What are the best and worst forms? How are they extracted? Where are the main reserves located in the world? What else are fossil fuels used for? What are the consequences of their use? What is ‘peak oil’ and what are its potential consequences?

16. CHAPTER 17 • Which of the following is not a benefit of hydropower? • It produces carbon dioxide • It is a clean source of energy • It is renewable • All of these are benefits of hydropower If ethanol in Canada is produced from corn, a drawback suggested from this graph could be: a) More corn is available b) More competition between food and fuel c) Less land planted in corn d) None of these

17. CHAPTER 17 • Which of these is not a passive solar technique? • The use of thermal mass • Using flat-plate solar collectors • Installing low, south-facing windows that will maximize sunlight capture in the winter • Using strategically planted vegetation • Turbines can be erected singly, but they are most often erected in groups called: • Wind turbines • Wind farms • Wind mills • Solar cells What are some other forms of renewable energy that we have not fully tapped?

18. CHAPTER 18 All of the following are three main components of waste management except: Minimizing the amount of waste we generate Recovering waste materials and finding ways to recycle them Disposing of waste safely and effectively All of these are components of waste management What are some ways we can reduce the amount of items entering the waste stream? Donate used items to charity Buy groceries in bulk Buy rechargeable batteries All of the above are ways to reduce the waste stream Look at Chapter 19 for a discussion of different toxins and systems of hazardous waste management. • Industrial ecology is defined by all of the following EXCEPT: • Redesigning industrial systems to reduce resource inputs • Examining the entire life cycle of a given product   • Minimizing physical inefficiency • Maximizing economic efficiency

19. CHAPTER 20 • _______ occurred as a result of deteriorating conditions in the inner cities • a) Movement to suburbs • b) Movement to rural areas • c) Development of inner cities • d) Decentralization of city management • “Sprawl” is defined as…? • a) Increased resource extraction from rural areas • b) Creating more livable cities • c) The spread of low-density development outward from an urban center • d) The spread of high-density development outward from an urban center • Which of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl? • a) People like their privacy • b) Technology allows people to work from home • c) Technology frees businesses from having to be located in the city • d) All of the above are causes of sprawl

20. CHAPTER 20 • Urban growth boundaries…. • a) Encourage development in the suburbs • b) Can be implemented only in wealthier cities • c) Keeps growth within existing urbanized areas • d) Are no longer a viable option for North American cities • In “new urbanism,” cities are designed around…? • a) Mass transit • b) Cars and highways • c) Walking • d) All of the above Where will most of the urban growth of the next century take place? • Which statement is false, regarding cities? • a) They must import resources from far away • b) They rely on large expanses of land for ecosystem services • c) People living in cities feel more connected to nature, particularly since TV • d) Cities tend to concentrate people, allowing for more efficient consumption of resources

21. CHAPTER 21 • What are the prevailing environmental ethics in our society and how did they evolve? • What kinds of issues do environmental ethics address? • What kinds of ethical issues did you encounter in your LCAs or media analyses? • Who gets to make the decisions about what’s right or wrong and how society or individuals should behave? • What are some precedents for different ways of thinking about the environment ethically and has this been acted on, and how?

22. CHAPTER 21 Which is NOT an assumption of neoclassical economics that can lead to environmental degradation? a) Resources are limited b) Long-term effects are downplayed c) All costs and benefits are experienced by the buyer and seller alone d) Growth isgood What does this chart tell us?

23. CHAPTER 22 _______ is defined as “laws and regulations made by government.” a) Tort law b) Public policy c) Market failure d) Tragedy of the commons Which of the following is NOT a goal of environmental policy? a) Increased resource extraction b) Elimination of free riders c) Addressing external costs d) Promoting equity External costs are: a) Defined when a person cheats on cleaning up pollution b) Borne by people involved in a transaction c) Voluntary efforts to decrease environmental impacts d) Borne by people not involved in a transaction

24. CHAPTER 22 What does “sustainable development” mean? • Finding ways to promote social justice • Economic well-being • Environmental quality at the same time • All of the above What major conclusion can be drawn from this graph on people reporting themselves as being “very happy”? a) Income correlates directly with perceived happiness b) Perceived happiness does not correlate with income c) Very happy people make higher average incomes d) The pursuit of income makes people very happy

25. CHAPTER 22 • Which of the following entities tries to shape policy through research, lobbying, or protest? a) ENGOs b) The EU c) The World Bank d) The WTO What major conclusion can be drawn from this graph on municipal pesticide bylaws? a) Pesticides are no longer a major concern b) More municipalities are banning pesticides c) Fewer municipalities are banning pesticides d) Pesticides are under provincial jurisdiction; municipalities have no control

26. CHAPTER 23 • What are sustainability audits? • What are some of the key issues that sustainable campus initiatives have to address? • What are the some of the “best practices” in this regard? • What strategies for social and individual change are needed to get people and institutions to do things in a substantially different way? • Any questions about anything you would like to ask?