GEOG 101: Day 25

1. GEOG 101: Day 25 Review for the Final

2. Housekeeping Items • Did anyone go to the Solutions event yesterday at the Peace Garden? • I want to go through the assignments and see if my records tally with what you remember turning in. Please e-mail me missing assignments ASAP! • Get any missing assignments in by Wednesday at the latest. • After that we’ll do a review for the final exam. As mentioned on Wednesday, the exam will cover Chapters 10, 12-17, and 20-23.

3. Review for the Final • Reminder that the exam will be on Wednesday from 1-4 in Building 180, Room 134. You will be in with my other classes. • Review PPTs, chapters (esp. the summaries), and your own notes. • It will consist of short answers and essay questions, and a few true/ false and/or multiple choice questions. • What do you think the 10 most important points or messages are from this course?

4. Day 22 – Review for the Exam Re Chapter 10: • What role is played by forests? • How has the percentage of the Earth covered by forests changed over the last 200 years? • Major forest biomes • Alternatives to clear-cut logging and the impacts of • Causes of deforestation and threats to forests • Policies regarding burning • Forest certification • Parks and protected areas

5. Day 22 – Review for the Exam • Chapter 11 (Freshwater): Arid countries tend to use their water mostly for…? • Developing industries • Agriculture • Households • Export to rich countries • Globally the majority of water is used for what? • Why will water become the gold of the twenty-first century, and what might the implications be?

6. Which of the following statements is not a benefit of dams? • Habitat alteration • Power generation • Crop irrigation • Shipping • Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______”? • Undesirable impacts on human health • Undesirable impacts on other organisms • Undesirable impacts on human well-being • All of the above are included in the definition • Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution? • A factory • Sewer pipes • Agricultural fields • All are non-point sources What are major sources of water pollution?

7. WHAT CONCLUSION CAN YOU DRAW FROM THIS GRAPH? a) It is more water efficient to produce vegetables b) It is more water efficient to produce meat c) Vegetable and meat production are relatively alike in water consumption d) There is little correlation between water consumption and our diet

8. CHAPTER 12: Marine Ecosystems • An area where rivers flow into the ocean is called a(n) …? • Estuary • Mangrove swamp • Salt marsh • Coral reef • Marine reserves have all the following benefits except: • Fishing increases in the reserve • The size of fish increases • Larvae can “seed” areas outside the reserve • Decreased mortality and habitat destruction WHAT IS SHOWN BY THIS GRAPH? China is a major player in applying fishing pressure China will be playing a smaller role in applying fishing pressure The world will decrease its fishing pressure Canada is not included in this graph What are the major causes behind declining fisheries?

9. Chapter 13: Air Pollution • What are the major sources of air pollution? • What are the major health impacts? • Any success stories? • Which pollutants have been going up and which down in North America? • What about the deterioration of the ozone layer? • Has this been resolved and, if so, how?

10. CHAPTER 14: Climate Change Who is largest producer of CO2 on the planet: The U.S. China Brazil none of the above What is considered to be a “safe” limit for CO2 in the atmosphere? 390 450 350 280 Which chemicals are the sources of acid rain? What is the difference between brown smog and grey smog? What is the difference between ozone in the atmosphere and at ground level? What is the gaseous composition of our atmosphere?

11. Chapter 14: Climate Change • “Climate” is defined as…. • Conditions at localized sites • Conditions over hours or days • c) An area’s long-term atmospheric conditions • d) Variations in Earth’s temperature • Which of the following are major contributors of global warming? • Burning fossil fuels and recycling • Burning fossil fuels and deforestation • Deforestation and nuclear energy • Fossil fuels and nuclear energy • What happens as ice melts in polar regions? • More heat is reflected into space • Glaciers re-freeze at night • Exposed soils and water absorb heat and make melting worse • Polar bears learn to like the Sun

12. Chapter 14: Climate Change • Which greenhouse gases are far more potent than CO2? • What is an example of positive feedback mechanisms in the case of climate change? • Why is it called climate change and not mainly global warming? • What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation?

13. Chapter 15: Fossil Fuels • What are the different kinds of fossil fuels and how were they created? • What uses do we put fossil fuels to besides transportation? • What is the concept of peak oil? • Why do we have to make a transition to other energy sources?

14. CHAPTER 16: Conventional Alternatives • Which of the following is not a benefit of hydropower? • It produces carbon dioxide • It is a clean source of energy • It is renewable • All of these are benefits of hydropower If ethanol in Canada is produced from corn, a drawback suggested from this graph could be: a) More corn is available b) More competition between food and fuel c) Less land planted in corn d) None of these

15. Chapter 16: Conventional Alternatives • Overall what are the pros and cons of biofuels? • What are the pros and cons associated with nuclear power? • How is biomass currently used in developing countries and for what? • What would be an example of a relatively simple and elegant biomass technology for developing countries?

16. CHAPTER 17: New Renewables(what is a renewable?) • Which of these is not a passive solar technique? • The use of thermal mass • Using flat-plate solar collectors • Installing low, south-facing windows that will maximize sunlight capture in the winter • Using strategically planted vegetation • Turbines can be erected singly, but they are most often erected in groups called: • Wind turbines • Wind farms • Wind mills • Solar cells What is the difference between a supply management and demand management approach to energy, water or waste? What are some other promising renewable technologies?

17. CHAPTER 20 • _______ occurred as a result of deteriorating conditions in the inner cities • a) Movement to suburbs • b) Movement to rural areas • c) Development of inner cities • d) Decentralization of city management • “Sprawl” is defined as…? • a) Increased resource extraction from rural areas • b) Creating more livable cities • c) The spread of low-density development outward from an urban center • d) The spread of high-density development outward from an urban center • Which of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl? • a) People like their privacy • b) Technology allows people to work from home • c) Technology frees businesses from having to be located in the city • d) All of the above are causes of sprawl

18. Chapter 20: Cities • What is the ecological impact of cities? • What influences their ecological footprints, and what are the principal components of these, at least in North America? • What are some of the key alternatives to urban sprawl? • What can we do to make cities more sustainable and to better enable them to withstand shocks associated with natural disasters, political instability, peak oil, and climate change?

19. CHAPTER 20: Cities • Urban growth boundaries…. • a) Encourage development in the suburbs • b) Can be implemented only in wealthier cities • c) Keeps growth within existing urbanized areas • d) Are no longer a viable option for North American cities • In “new urbanism,” cities are designed around…? • a) Mass transit • b) Cars and highways • c) Walking • d) All of the above • Which statement is false, regarding cities? • a) They must import resources from far away • b) They rely on large expanses of land for ecosystem services • c) People living in cities feel more connected to nature, particularly since TV • d) Cities tend to concentrate people, allowing for more efficient consumption of resources

20. Chapters 21-23 • Why are indigenous people so often in the forefront of resistance to major resource extraction projects? • What is traditional ecological knowledge and why is it important? • How would you characterize the ethics and worldview of Western (and increasingly Eastern) society, especially with respect to nature? • At what point should economic priorities and values not take precedence over other values? • What is the difference between anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism? Have the latter two perspectives been recognized anywhere in law? • Can you say anything about any of the following: Aldo Leopold, Chico Mendes, Rachel Carson, WangariMaathai, Vandana Shiva, or Paul Watson?

21. Chapters 21-23 • In what ways is the economy both circular and linear? • What are ecosystem services? • What is a shortcoming of GDP as a measure of social well-being and are there alternatives? • What are the strengths and weaknesses of different policy tools such as voluntary measures, regulations, environmental impact assessment, pollution taxes, cap and trade schemes (and other markets), and relying on consumer activism? • What is carbon neutrality? • What can universities do to be models and part of the solution? • What is the most effective lever for achieving sustainability? Reducing population, reducing consumerism, finding new technology, or building more self-sufficient economies?

22. Review for the Final • You should also be able to address some of the positive things that are being done to address the ecological crisis (there are alternatives, and these need to address the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of the crisis); • that to solve the ecological crisis, we need to understand how to make change, at both a social and individual level, and we also need to understand what our own particular strengths are so that we can match our talents to the tasks at hand.